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J
HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
ii m
LIBRARY
MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY.
vT
AUG 9 1915
MEMOIRS
OF THE
CAENEGIE MUSEUM.
\()L. VI.
1913-1914.
W. J. HOLLAND, Editor
PITTSBURGH.
Published by the Authority of Board of Trustees of the
CAENEGIE INSTITUTE.
PRESS OF
THE NEW EBA PRINTING COMPANY
LANCASTER. PA,
PREFATORY NOTE.
The Sixth Volume of the Memoirs is composed of papers dealing exclusively with fossil and recent fishes. This is the result of mere chance. The various papers dealing with these animals happened to be ready for publication and were taken up and incorporated in the volume as they were presented by their authors.
From an ichthyological standpoint the amount of information contained in the pages of this book is very great, and the results of the researches embodied in its pages mark a decided advance in our knowledge of the subjects treated. No less than fifty-four species of recent fishes are described as new to science, and there are thirteen species of fossil fishes which are for the first time described. Several new genera have been erected by the authors who have contributed to the volume.
The authors represented in these memoirs are all recognized as leaders in their respective fields. It may be proper to call attention to the fact that the paper upon the fishes of Japan by Dr. David Starr Jordan, the prince of American ich- thyologists, is stated by him to be his final contribution to his favorite science, to the study of which he has devoted forty years of his busy and successful life. Fol- lowing the example of Linnaeus he gives to the last species, for which he furnishes a name, the specific designation of hona-nox, "Good night!" (cf. p. 306). It is with sentiments of profound regret that his friends realize that Dr. Jordan feels the necessity for bringing his ichthj^ological researches to an end.
Trusting that this volume of the Memoirs may do much to promote the inter- esting science with which it deals, the Editor sends it forth with a certain feeling of satisfaction as he reviews the laborious hours which were spent by him in pre- paring its pages for publication. No matter how carefully an author may have prepared his manuscript, experience reveals that there are always in these days of typewriters errors inadvertently made in transcription, which call for correction. In the preparation of the publications of the Carnegie Museum the Editor for many years has made it his first duty to carefully read the manuscript, noting all minor errors whether in composition or punctuation, and designating the style of type to be used, thus preparing the manuscript for the printer. He has also supervised the preparation of the illustrations and the arrangement of the figures upon the
iii
IV PREFATORY NOTE.
plates, in many cases with his own hands retouching photographs or correcting minor errors in drawing. After that, it has been his duty to read both the galley- and page-proofs as they have come to his hands, and finally to index the different volumes before having them bound up in permanent form. It is needless to say that this work has necessitated constant labor and unremitting attention to minute details. The Editor does not indulge in these observations at this point for the purpose of calling attention to the part which he has necessarily been com- pelled to take in this work, but for the purpose of expressing to the authors whose productions have passed through his hands the hope that they have not found occasion to quarrel with his activities. In the performance of his editorial duties the Editor has kept before himself as his constant aim the revelation of the exact thought of his friends, the authors, in the form of correct English. He has always striven to express the exact meaning intended to be conveyed by the writer, even when he has seen fit (as has frequently been the case) to radically modify the verbiage employed, to transpose words and paragraphs, or to eliminate unnecessary repetition.
W. J. Holland.
Carnegie Museum, November 14, 1914.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Prefatory Note iii
Table of Contents v
List of Figures in Text vii
List of Plates xiii
Errata and Corrigenda xvi
Memoir I. A Catalog of the Fishes known from the Waters of Korea. David
Starr Jordan and. Charles W. Metz 1
Memoir II. The Lantern-Fishes of Japan. Charles H. Gilbert 67
Memoir III. The Gymnotid Eels of Tropical America. Max Mapes Ellis 109
Memoir IV. Record of the Fishes Obtained in Japan in 1911. David Starr Jordan
and William Francis Thompson 205
Memoir V. Catalog of Fossil Fishes in the Carnegie Museum. Part II. Supple- ment to the Catalog of Fishes from the Upper Eocene of Monta
Bolca. C. R. Eastman 315
Memoir VI. Catalog of Fossil Fishes in the Carnegie Museum. Part III. Catalog of Fossil Fishes from the Lithographic Stone of Cerin, France.
C. R. Eastman 349
Memoir VII. Catalog of Fossil Fishes in the Carnegie Museum. Part IV. De- scriptive Catalog of Fossil Fishes from the Lithographic Stone of
Solenhofen, Bavaria. C. R. Eastman 389
Index 425
Vlll LIST OF FIGURES IN TEXT.
Neopercis snyderi Jordan & Starks 41
Dilrema iemmincki Bleeker 42
Neodilrevm ransotineti (Steindachner) 43
Semicossyphus reiiculatus Cuvier & Valenciennes 43
Stephanolepis japonicus (Tilesius) 44
Pseudomonacanthus unicornu (Basilewsky) 45
Spheroides borealis Jordan & Snyder 46
Hexagrammus aburaco Jordan & Starks 48
Sebastodcs guntheri Jordan & Starks 49
Sebasiodes trinttatus Hilgendorf 51
Sebastichthys elegans (Steindachner) 51
Trachydermus fasciatus Heckel 52
Furcina ishikawce Jordan & Starks 53
Bero elegans (Steindachner) 53
Thysanophrys crocodilus (Tilesius) 54
Ctenogobius bernadoui (Jordan & Starks) 55
Aboma tsushimoe Jordan & Fowler 56
Chcenogobius macrognathus (Bleeker) 56
Chloea sarchynnis Jordan & Snyder 56
Pterogobius elapoides (Giinther) 57
Chasmichthys dolichognathus (Hilgendorf) 57
Tridenliger bifasciatus Steindachner 58
Ranulina fimbriidens Jordan & Starks 58
Tcenioides abbotti Jordan & Starks 58
Callionymus valenciennesi Schlegel 59
Verasper moseri Jordan & Gilbert 59
Platichthys stellatus (Pallas) 60
Lepidopsetta bilineata (Ayres) 61
Areliscus rhomaleus Jordan & Starks 63
Enedrias nebulosus (Schlegel) 64
Dinogunnellus grigorjewi (Herzenstein) 64
Enchelyopus gilli (Jordan & Starks) 64
Lophius litulon (Jordan & Sindo) 65
Electrophorus electricus (Linnseu's) 114
Gymnotus carapo Linnaeus 117
Sternopygus macrurus (Bloch & Schneider) 121
Eigenmannia virescens (Valenciennes) 125
Eigenmannia iroscheli (Kaup) 131
Steaiogenys elegans (Steindachner) 132
Hypopomus brevirostris (Steindachner) 134
LIST OF FIGUEES IN TEXT. IX
Rhamphichthys rosiratus (Linnaeus) 137
Sternarchorhynchus oxyrhynchus (Miiller & Troschel) 141
Sternarchorhamphus miilleri (Steindachner) 143
Orthosternarchus tamandua (Boulenger) 144
Sternarchus albifrons (Linnseus) 145
Sternarchus bonapartii Castelnau 150
Sternarchella schotti (Steindachner) 151
Porotergus gimheli Ellis 153
Sternarchogiton nattereri (Steindachner) 155
Adontosternarchus sachsi (Peters) 156
Anal musculature: Eigenmanni virescens (Valenciennes) 160
Regenerated tail: Gymnotus carapo (Linnseus) 179, ISO
Split tail: Gymnotus carapo (Linnseus) 180
Normal tail: Gymnotus carapo fLinnseus) 180
Regenerated tail of Sternarchorhamphus miilleri (Steindachner) 183
Normal tail and one-fourth of caudal peduncle of same 183
Regenerated tail of Sternarchus honaparti Castelnau 184
Regenerated tails of Sternarchus hasemani Ellis 185.
Double tail of Sternarchella schotti (Steindachner) 185
Section showing location of air-bladder in Gymnotus carapo Linnasus 186
Air-bladder of Sternopygus macrurus (Bloch & Schneider) 187
Air-bladders of Eigenmannia virescens (Valenciennes) 189
Air-bladders of Hypopomus brevirostris (Steindachner) 189
Injuries used in experiment on Sternopygus macrurus (Bloch & Schneider) 190
Deania eglantina Jordan & Fowler 208
Liobagrus reini Hilgendorf 213
Gnaihopogon gracilis (Temminck & Schlegel) ; G. mayedce (Jordan & Snyder) 215
Acheilognathus cyanostigma Jordan & Fowler 222
Tanakia oryzce (Jordan & Scale) 231
Leptocephalus nystromi Jordan & Snyder 233
Leptocephalus riuJnuanus Jordan & Snyder 233
Leptocephalus erebennus Jordan & Snyder 234
Leptocephalus anago (Temminck & Schlegel) ~ r 234
Leptocephalus megastomus (Giinther) 234
Ophichthys asakusce Jordan & Snyder 235
Macrorhamphosus sagifue Jordan & Starks 237
I so flos-maris Jordan & Starks 238
Atherion elymus Jordan & Starks 238
Atherina tsurugce Jordan & Starks 239
Holocentrus spinosissimus (Temminck & Schlegel) 239
X LIST OF FIGURES IN TEXT.
Caristius japonicus Smith & Pope 244
Amia semilineata (Temminck & Schlegel) 247
Amia kiensis (Jordan & Snyder) 247
Epinephelus morrhua (Ciivier & Valenciennes) 249
Epinephelus megachir Richardson 250
Epinephelus epistictus (Temminck & Schlegel) 250
Lutianus russelli Bleeker 253
Lutianus vitta (Quoy & Gaimard) 253
Euthyopieroma virgatum (Houttuyn) 254
Banjos banjos (Richardson) 256
Spams latus Houttuyn 257
Girella mezina Jordan & Starks 257
Girella punctata Gray 258
Girella melanichthys (Richardson) 258
Lepidaplois perditio (Quoy & Gaimard) 261
Cirrhilabrus temmincki Bleeker 262
Stefhojulis terina Jordan & Snyder 262
Stethojulis trossula (Jordan & Snyder) 263
Heniochus macrolepidotus (Linnaeus) 265
Rudarius ercodes Jordan & Fowler 267
Brachaluteres ulvarum Jordan & Snyder 267
Spheroides chrysops (Hilgendorf) 269
Sebastodes tokionis Jordan & Starks 272
Helicolenus emblemarius Jordan & Starks 274
Scorpcena izensis Jordan & Starks 274
Paracentropogon rubripinnis (Temminck & Schlegel) 275
Apistus evolans Jordan & Starks 275
Aploactis aspera Richardson 276
Erosa erosa (Langsdorf) 276
Minous monodactylus (Bloch & Schneider) 277
Furcina osimce Jordan & Starks , 277
Vellitor centropomus (Richardson) 278
Onigocia spinosa (Temminck & Schlegel) 278
Inegocia japonica (TUesius) 279
Hoplichlhys gilberti Jordan & Richardson 279
Lepidotrigla japonica (Bleeker) 284
Lepidotrigla abyssalis Jordan & Starks 284
Peristedion orientate Temminck & Schlegel 285
Eviota abax (Jordan & Snyder) 286
Ctenogobius virgatus Jordan & Snyder 287
LIST OF FIGURES IN TEXT. XI
Mugilogobms abei (Jordan & Snyder) 287
Aboma snyderi Jordan & Fowler 288
Cryptocentrus filifer (Cuvier & Valenciennes) 288
Pterogobius zacalles Jordan & Snyder 289
Chceturichthys sciistius Jordan & Snyder 290
Doryptena tanegashimce Snyder 290
Clariger cosmurus Jordan & Snyder 291
Leucopsarion petersi Hilgendorf 291
Luciogobius elongatus Regan 292
Parapercis ommatura Jordan & Snyder 292
Ariscopus iburius Jordan & Snyder 293
Callionymus lunatus Temminck & Schlegel 294
Calliurichthys japonicus (Houttuyn) 294
Calliurichthys doryssus Jordan & Fowler 294
Zacalles bryope Jordan & Snyder 298
Salarias andersoni Jordan & Starks 298
Bryosternma otohime Jordan & Snyder 299
Zoarchias veneficus Jordan & Snyder 299
Ernogrammus hcxagrammus (Temminck & Schlegel) 299
Otophidium asiro Jordan & Fowler 301
PseudorJiombus misakius Jordan & Starks 306
Scceops kobensis Jordan & Starks 308
Xystrias grigorjewi (Herzenstein) 309
Limanda angustirostris Kitahara 309
Dexistes rikuzenius Jordan & Stai'ks 310
Aseraggodes kobensis (Steindachner) 311
Aviate japonica (Temminck & Schlegel) 311
Zebrias zebrinus (Temminck & Schlegel) 311
Antennarius nox Jordan 313
Diagram showing the structure of rostrum in Acanthocybmm, Histiophorus, Xiphias,
and Xiphiorhynchus 322
Tail of Urosphen attenuata Eastman 326
Amphistium paradoxum Agassiz 331
Mene novcB-hispanice Eastman 347
Geological Section in the vicinity of Cerin, France 350
Detached splenial dentition of a Pycnodont fish from Cerin, France, provisionally
referred to Microdon itieri Thiolliere . . . 372
Surface view of dermal denticles of Scyllium sp 395
Dapedius politus Leach 403
Mesodon macropterus. (After A. S. Woodward.) 408
^jj LIST OF FIGURES IN TEXT.
Oyrodus hexagonm (Blainville) . (After E. Hennig.) 409
Hypsocormus insignis Wagner
\slhenocormus retrodorsalis Eastman
Asihenocormus retrodorsalis Eastman. Anterior dentition
Restoration of Leptolepis duUa. (After A. S. Woodward.) -
LIST OF PLATES
Plate
I. Zunasis cJdnensis (Basilewsky) ; Spirinchus verecundus Jordan & Metz,
II. Acanthorhodeus asrnussi Berg; Rhodeus chosenicus Jordan & Metz; Pseudo-
perilampus hondce Jordan & Metz.
III. Parapelecus eigenmanni Jordan & Metz; Pseudaspius bergi Jordan & Metz;
Pseudaspius modestus Jordan & Metz.
IV. Stromateoides argenteus (Euphrasen). V. Stromateoides echinogaster (Basilewsky).
VI. Siniperca scherzeri Steindachner ; Epinephelus ionthas Jordan & Metz. VII. Scicena japonica (Temminck & Schlegel) ; Scicena iharce Jordan & Metz. VIII. Spheroides basilewskianus (Basilewsky); Pleurogrammus azonus Jordan & Metz. IX. Sebastodes ijimce Jordan & Metz; Zebrias fasciatus (Basilewsky); Areliscus
hollandi Jordan & Metz. X. Sebastodes schlegeli (Hilgendorf) ; Chasmichthys gulosus (Sauvage) ; Ctenogobius
si7nilis (Gill). XL Dasyscopelus orientalis Gilbert; Diaphus glandulifer Gilbert. XII. Diaphus anteorbitalis Gilbert; Diaphus gigas Gilbert.
XIII. Diaphus latus Gilbert; Diaphus sagamiensis Gilbert.
XIV. Lampanyctus jordani Gilbert.
XV. Gymnotid eels of South America: Generic relationships, parallelisms, and
convergences. XVI. Dorsal and lateral views of skull of Gymnotus carapo Linnaeus. XVII. Dorsal and lateral views of Rhamphichthys rostratus (Linnseus). XVIII. Dorsal and lateral views of skull of Eigenmannia virescens (Valenciennes). XIX. Anatomical details of structure of Gymnotids. XX. Outlines (showing all injuries found) of Eigenmannia virescens (Valenciennes), Sternopygus macrurus (Bloch & Schneider), Eigenmannia macrops (Bou- lenger), Gymnotus carapo (Linnajus). XXI. Outline of Eigenmannia macrops (Boulenger) normal; maximum regeneration found in E. macrops; maximum regeneration found in E. virescens (Val- enciennes) ; three injuries on a 500 mm. Sternopygus macrurus (Bloch & Schneider). XXII. Eigenmannia macrops (Boulenger); E. troscheli (Kaup); Adontosternarchus
sachsi (Peters) ; Sternarchus leptorhynchus Ellis. XXIII. Sternarchus hasemani Ellis; Gymnorhamphichthys hypostomus Ellis; Porotergus gimbeli Ellis.
XIV
OF PLATES.
XXIV. Alepocephalus umbriceps Jordan & Thompson; Nansenia ardesiaca Jordan &
Thompson; Oncorhynchus amsou (Brevoort); Gnathopogon ishikawce Jordan
& Thompson.
XXV. Acheilognathus tabira Jordan & Thompson; Acheilognathus moriokce Jordan
& Thompson; Acanthorhodius atremius Jordan & Thompson.
XXVI. Acanthorhodius sciosemus Jordan & Thompson; Rhodeus kurumeus Jordan &
Thompson; Pseudaspius airilaius Jordan & Thompson. XXVII. Myrus uropterus Temininck & Schlegel; Hemirhamphus japonicus Brevoort; Ectenias brunneus Jordan & Thompson ; Icticus ischUnus Jordan & Thompson. XXVIII. Caristius macropus (Bellotti); Amia sialis Jordan & Thompson. XXIX. Cephalopholis boninius Jordan & Thompson; Franzia nobilis (Franz). XXX. Franzia ardens Jordan & Thompson; Plectorhynchus pica (Cuvier & Valen- ciennes) ; Xyrichthys sciistius Jordan & Thompson. XXXI. Iniistius dea (Temminck & Schlegel) ; Pseudomonocanthus nigromaculatus
(Tanaka) ; Sebastodes owstoni Jordan & Thompson. XXXII. Sebastodes flammeus Jordan & Starks; Sebastodes joyneri (Giinther); Thy- sanichthys evides Jordan & Thompson.
XXXIII. Tilesina gibbosa Schmidt; Brachyopsis rostratus (Tilesius).
XXXIV. Careproctus gilberti Jordan & Thompson; Careproctus burkei Jordan & Thomp-
son. XXXV. Chelidonichthys ischyrus Jordan & Thompson; Aionosus geneionemus (Hil- gendorf ) ; Sicyopterus japonicus (Tanaka) . XXXVI. Synchiropus ijimce Jordan & Thompson; Calymmichthys xenicus Jordan &
Thompson. XXXVII. Ateleopus japonicus Bleeker; Lycodes tanaka; Jordan & Thompson; Spec-
trunculus radcliffei Jordan & Thompson. XXXVIII. Coryphcenoides bona-nox Jordan & Thompson; Macrourus asper Giinther. XXXIX. Tarphops oligolepis (Bleeker).
XL. Aulopus japonicus Giinther; Ishikauia steenackeri (Sauvage). XLI. Solenostomus cyanopterus (Bleeker); S. paradoxus (Pallas); Urocampus
rikuzenius Jordan & Snyder. XLII. Sciwna mitsikurii (Jordan & Snyder) ; Neobythites sivicola (Jordan & Snyder). XLIII. Trygon muricata (Volta). XLIV. Rhamphosus rasirum (Volta).
XLV. Eobolhus minimus Agassiz; Cyclopoma micracanthum Agassiz; Artiphistium bozzianum Massolongo; Pterygocephalus paradoxus Agassiz; Gobius micro- cephalus Agassiz. XLVI. Ephippus rhombus Blainville; Eolabroides szajnochoe Zigno. XLVII. Odonteus sparoides Agassiz; Cyclopoma micracanthum Agassiz; Zanclus brevirostris Agassiz.
LIST OF PLATES.
XV
XLVII.A. Mene rhombea (Volta).
XLVIII. Lepidotus Icevis Agassiz ; Undina grandis Eastman. XLIX. Histionotus falsani Thiolliere; Notagogus inimontis Thiolliere. L. Notagogus inimontis Thiolliere; N. ornatus Eastman. LI. Leptolepis dubia (Blainville) ; Ophiopsis macrodus Thiolliere; Belenostomus
tenuirostris Agassiz. LII. Microdon bernardi (Thiolliere). LIII. Microdon wagneri (Thiolliere).
LIV. Microdon egertoni (Thiolliere); M. sauvanausi (Thiolliere). LV. Caturus furcatus (Agassiz); Belenostomus muensteri Agassiz. LVI. Pholidophorus similis A. S. Woodward; (Eonoscopus elongatus Eastman. LVII. Cestracion zitteli Eastman; Phorcynis catulina Thiolliere; Squatina minor
Eastman. LVIII. Pholidophorus macrocephalus Agassiz; Lepidotus ornatus Eastman; Homoeolepis suborbiculata Eastman. LIX. Caturus pachyurus Agassiz ; Parathrissops furcatus Eastman, gen. et sp. nov. ;
Caturus furcatus Agassiz. LX. Belonostomus muensteri Agassiz ; Caturus furcatus Agassiz ; Sauropsis depressus
Eastman. LXI. Mesodon macropterus (Agassiz); M. macropterus Counterpart; Gyrodus frontatus Agassiz ; Caturus furcatus var. macrurv^ Agassiz ; Caturus furcatus Agassiz. LXII. Ophiopsis attenuata Wagner; Propterus conidens Eastman; P. microstomus
Agassiz; Histionotus reclinis Eastman. LXIII. Propterus speciosus Wagner; Macrosemius rostratus Agassiz. LXIV. Eugnathus longiserratus (Agassiz); Aspidorhynchus acutirostris (Blainville). LXV. (Eonoscopus cyprinoides (Wagner) ; Macrosemius dorsalis Eastman ; Pholido- phorus macrocephalus Agassiz. LXVI. Sauropsis curtus Eastman; Rhinobatu^ bugesiacus Miinster. LXVII. Belenmobatis sisrnondw Thiolliere; Squatina alifera Miinster. LXVIII. Caturus furcatus Agassiz; Notagogus decoratus Eastman; Squatina speciosa H. von Meyer. LXIX. Gyrodus macropthalmtis Agassiz; Gyrodus circularis Agassiz. LXX. Ophiopsis procera Agassiz; Megalurus elegantissimus Wagner; M. lepidotus
Agassiz. LXXI. Hypsocormus macrodon (Wagner) ; H. insignis Wagner. LXXII. Thrissops salmoneus (Blainville); T. formosus Agassiz; Leptolepis dubia
(Blainville). LXXIII. Leptolepis sprattiformis (Blainville); ^thalion knorri (Blainville).
ERRATA AND CORRIGENDA
Page 16, second line from bottom, for "Capocta" read Capoeta.
Page 44, for " Tylesius " read Tilesius.
Page 55, for " cheilidonichihys " read Chelidonichthys.
Page 56, for " chJoea " read Chloea.
Pages 101 and 102, for "L. micropterus" read L. macropterus.
Pages 109 and 132, for " Steaiogenes" read Sieatogenys.
Page 159, second line from top, for " electrophorus" read eledricus.
Page 248, for " Safole Tceniura " read Safole tceniura.
Page 256 (no. 156), for "Raius" read Taius.
Page 287. For " Ctebogobius" read Ctenogobius.
Page 366, seventh line from bottom. For "H. inimontis" read N. inimontis.
Plate XXII. For " Adenosternarchus" read Adontosternarchus.
Plate XLII. For " Scicenia " read Scicena.
XVI
XbAX
\d
Publications of the Carnegie Museum, Serial No. 75.
MEMOIRS
OF THE
OAENEG-IE MUSEUM.
VOL. VI. NO. 1.
W. J. HOLLAND, Editor.
A CATALOa OF THE FISHES KNOWN FEOM THE WATEES OF KOREA.
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MBMOIES
OF THE
CAENEGIE MUSEUM.
VOL. VI. NO. 1.
A CATALOG OF THE FISHES KNOWN FROM THE WATERS OF
KOREA.
By David Starr Jordan and Charles William Metz.
(Plates I-X.)
In the summer of 1911 the senior author visited Korea, and with the aid of the authorities in charge of the fisheries made a considerable collection of the fishes of Korea (Chosen), especially of those obtainable at Fusan, and those seen in the markets at Seoul, the collection being m the interest of the Car- negie Museum of Pittsburgh, and of the Museum of Stanford University. Sub- sequently a still larger collection was brought together by Mr. B. Ihara, Com- missioner of Fisheries for Chosen, and afterwards forwarded to the United States. This collection was made under the orders of General Terauchi, Gov- ernor General of Chosen, and of Mr. Yamagata, Vice-governor A considerable number of fishes from Suigen (Suwon) was obtained by Dr. K. Hunda, Director of the Agricultural Experiment Station located at that place, which is inland, about fifty miles southward of Seoul.
The localities represented in our collections are the following: Fusan, the port at the southern extremity of Korea; Chemulpo, the port of Seoul; Suigen, (in Japanese Suwon), on an inland stream, tributary to the River Han, about fifty miles south of Seoul; Heijo, near Pyeng-yang in northwestern Korea; and
1
2 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Chinnampo, the port of Pyeng-yang. We have also included the species taken by Mr. Pierre Louis Jouy and described by Jordan and Snyder from the large island of Tsushima, which lies between Fusan and Shimonoseki. This island belongs politically to Japan, but geographically rather to Korea.
The marine fauna of these regions is fairly well known, but the record of the river-fauna is still very far from complete.
The synonymy of several species is uncertain, and the identity of some with Chinese species on the one hand or with Japanese forms on the other is still far from certain. Numerous genera and species recorded from the Amur River by Dybowsky and by Berg have yet to be compared with Korean forms. The most valuable work so far done on the fish-fauna of this region is that of Dr. Peter Schmidt and his colleague in the Museum of St. Petersburg, Dr. Leo S. Berg.
The present paper gives a list of all the species known to occur in Korea, or in the seas immediately adjoining. It includes the species of the present collec- tion, as well as those in the Museum of St. Petersburg, collected by Herz and by Schmidt, described later in different papers by Dr. Solomon Herzenstein, Dr. Peter Schmidt, and Dr. Leo S. Berg. There are also included the species obtained for the United States National Museum by Pierre Louis Jouy at Gensan and Fusan, and those obtained at Port Arthur by Professor Francis James Abbott, and sent to Stanford University. While Port Arthur is outside of Korea, its fauna must be identical with that of the near-by ports of Chin- nampo and Chemulpo in Korea. The collections of Jouy and Abbott have been described by Jordan and Starks in the Proceedings of the United States National Museum. We have further included the marine fishes mentioned by Basilewsky, in his I chthy agraphia Chinee Borealis (1855) from the gulf of Pechili about Tientsin. The species named in this work are very imperfectly described and some of them can only, if at all, be recognized by their Chinese names. Some species noted by Basilewsky are here described in detail for the first time. We include these, as there is apparently no real difference between the marine fauna at Tientsin and that on the opposite side of the Gulf at Port Arthur, Chinnampo, and Chemulpo. There seems to be very little difference between the fishes of the west shore and those of Fusan at the southern extremity of Korea. All these bays, Fusan, Chemulpo, and Chinnampo, have sandy bottoms, and are much frequented by flounders, soles, conger-eels, croakers, gobies, and other fishes of the sands. The market of Fusan forms a rather striking co'ntrast to that of Shimonoseki, the nearest town on the Japanese side of the Straits of
JORDAN AND METZ: FISHES KNOWN FROM THE WATERS OF KOREA 6
Tsushima. At Shimonoseki many species frequenting rocks are taken. The fauna of Gensan on the northeastern coast of Korea beyond Gensan is appar- ently northern, approaching that of Saghahn. The subarctic fauna described by Schmidt and others from Saghahn, Vladivostok, and Peter the Great Bay, undoubtedly extends along the Korean shores as far as Gensan. In the present list we have not included any of these species, unless actually recorded from Korea. These northern forms are not closely related to the fauna of the temperate zone found in the waters of southern and western Korea.
Among the species enumerated from Fusan are some closely related to those on the Japanese shore, yet distinct from their nearest allies. The major- ity of the species are, however, of the ordinary Japanese types.
Dr. Jordan wishes to express his personal appreciation to General Terauchi, Governor General of Korea, and to Vice-governor Yamagata for assistance in this work. Governor Terauchi requested the co-operation of all the fishery in- spectors. In this connection we desire to acknowledge the efforts of Mr. B. Ihara, Commissioner of Fisheries for Korea, Mr. T. Kikuchi, head of the Bureau of Education, Dr. K. Honda, Director of the Agricultural Experiment Station at Suwon, Mr. Eitaro Ijima of the Bureau of Finance at Seoul, a former student of the senior author, Mr. T. Wakamatsu, Governor of Fusan, and Mr. G. Yamaoka, collector of Customs at Fusan, who rendered especially valuable service.
The new drawings in this paper are the work of the late Sekko Shimada, and of Mrs. Herbert Charles Nash. The others are reprints from papers in the Proceedings of the United States National Museum. The vernacular names are given by Mr. Ihara. Unless otherwise specified they are the Japanese (not Korean) names.
Ten species are new: Spirinchus verecundus, Rhodeus chosenicus, Pseudo- perilampus hondce, Parapelecus eigenmanni, Pseudaspius bergi, Pseudaspius mo- destus, Epinephelus ionthas, Sctcena iharcB, Pleurogrammus azonus, Sebastodes ijimce, Areliscus hollandi.
Family EPTATRETID^.
1. Eptatretus burgeri (Girard). Fusan^ (Jouy coll.).
* Throughout this paper the use of the words Fusan, Chinnampo, Chemulpo, Suigen, Heijo, with- out the citation of any other authority, indicates that specimens were seen or obtained at those locahties by Dr. Jordan or by Mr. Ihara. (D. S. Jordan.)
MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Fig. 1. Eptalretus hurgeri (Girard). (After Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXIII, Plate
XXX.)
Family HETERODONTID.E. 2. Heterodontus japonicus (Dumeril). "Nekosame." Fusan (No. 4491a). ^ (Jordan coll.)
Family GALEORHINID^.
3. Triakis scyllium Miiller & Henle. "Shirosame."
Fusan, Chinnampo (Nos. 4362a, 4490a),
4. Cynias manazo (Bleeker). "Hoshisame."
Jinsen (No. 4492a).
Family SPHYRNIDiE.
b. Sphyrna zygaena (Linnseus). "Shimokusame."
Fusan (No. 4470a).
Family SQUALID^, t). Squalus mitsukurii Jordan & Fowler. "Tsunozame."
Chinnampo (No. 4359a).
Fig. 2. Squalns mitsukurii Jordan & Fowler. (Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXVI, p. 630.)
7. Squalus japonicus Ishikawa.
Chinnampo.
This species is distinguished from the common dog-fish or "Tsunozame" of Japan {Squalus mitsukurii) by the sharper and less obtuse snout, and by the
' Numbers in brackets after a locality indicate that the specimens in the Carnegie Museum from mat locality bear the numbers given. Numbers given after a list of localities indicate that the specimens may have come from the localities named, or that they may simply have attached to them the general locality-label "Korea." (All those thus labelled came from Fusan, according to Dr. Jordan.) (C. H. Eigenmann, Curator.)
JORDAN AND METZ: FISHES KNOWN FROM THE WATERS OF KOREA 0
difference in the insertion of the first dorsal spine. The dorsal in Squalus mit- sukurii is a little nearer the tip of the snout than the second dorsal. In Squalus japonicus the first dorsal is midway between the tip of the snout and the second dorsal, the pectoral reaching it.
Family SQUATINID.E.
8. Squatina japonica Bleeker. "Korosame."
Fusan (No. 4472a).
Family RHINOBATID^.
9. Rhinobatus schlegeli Miiller & Henle. "Sagatazame."
Fusan (No. 4476a).
Family RAJID^.
10. Raja kenojei Miiller & Henle. "Gangiei."
Port Arthur (Abbott). This is apparently Raja chinensis Basilewsky (I chthy agraphia Chinee Borealis, 1855, p. 251, from off Peking).
X >»v
X
^B^'>
\
Fig. 3. Raja meerdervoorti Bleeker. (After Jordan & Fowler, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXVI, p. 651.)
6
MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
11. Raja meerdervoortii Bleeker. "Gangiei."
Fusan (No. 4471a).
Family DASYATID^.
12. Urolophus fuscus Garman. "Shiroei." Fusan (No. 4474a).
13. Dasyatis akajei (Schlegcl). "Akaei." Fusan (No. 4477a).
Fig. 4. Dasyatis akajei (Schlegel). (After Jordan & Evermann, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXV, p. 319.)
14. Pteroplatea japonica Temminck & Schlegel. "Yokosaei."
Fusan (No. 4475a).
Family MYLIOBATIDiE.
15. Myliobatis tobijei Bleeker. "Tobiei, Hatoei."
Fusan (No. 4473a). This is apparently Basilewsky's Myliobatis rhombus (IchthyograpJiia Chinee Borealis, p. 250) from the sea about Tientsin.
Family CLUPEID^.
16. Clupea pallasi Cuvier & Valenciennes. "Nishin."
Fig. 5. Clupea pallasi Cuvier & Valenciennes. (After Jordan & Ilerre, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXXI,
p. 631.)
JORDAN AND METZ: FISHES KNOWN FROM THE WATERS OF KOREA 7
Seen in Fusan. Also from Chinnampo (Nos. 4102a-e; 4130a). This is apparently Clupea inermis Basilewsky (p. 242) from about Tientsin.
17. Amblygaster melanostictum (Temminck & Schlegel). "Iwashi."
Fusan.
18. Sardinella zunasi (Temminck & Schlegel). "Zunashi." Fusan, Chinnampo (Nos. 4228a-l).
19. Ilisha elongata (Bennett). "Hira." Fusan, rather common (No. 4487a-b).
20. Etrumeus micropus (Temminck & Schlegel). " Urumeiwashi " adult; "Tsu- nashi" young.
Fusan, Jinsen; common (No. 4539a-j).
ZuNASiA gen. nov.
The species described by Basilewsky under the name of Pristigaster chinen- sis has not been noted by any subsequent author. It is the type of a new genus, Zunasia Jordan & Metz, allied to Pristigaster, but differing in the form of the body, the belly not forming the gibbous arc of a circle, being only moderately curved. The dorsal, as in Pristigaster, is inserted before the anal, near the middle of the body. The ventrals are wanting, as in Pristigaster and Opisthopterus. The type of Pristigaster is P. cayanus from Guiana and northern Brazil. No second species of Pristigaster is known.
The name Zunasia is derived from "Zunashi," the vernacular name of the related Sardinella zunasi.
21. Zunasia chinensis (Basilewsky). (Plate I, fig. 1.)
Pristigaster chinensis Basilewsky, I chthy agraphia Chinee Borealis, 1855, p. 243. (Gulf of Pechili.)
The following description of Zunasia chinensis Basilewsky is founded upon three specimens from 4.5 to 5.5 inches long, taken at Chinnampo, Korea, and cataloged in the Carnegie Museum under No. 4569:
D. 17 to 18; A. 48; scutes in front of vent 36; depth 3.66; head 4.5; eye 3 in head; snout 3.5; interorbital 7.5; maxillary 2.33. Body elongate, rather slender, greatly compressed, deepest behind apex of pectoral. Dorsal outhne a gentle, even curve from nape to caudal; ventral outline more convex. Belly from gill-openings to vent slightly (not greatly) arched, the depth of the con- vexity being much less than the diameter of the eye, armed with thirty-six
8 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
sharp scutes. Head compressed, lower jaw large, projecting, entering dorsal profile, which is straight to nape, then rises in a gentle curve; occipital region with a long narrow, V-shaped groove, the two bounding ridges of which unite before the eye. Mouth terminal, moderate, very oblique; maxillary reaching beyond anterior margin of pupil; premaxillary distinct, fixed; teeth extremely minute, villiform in both jaws; gill-rakers numerous, long, slender; eye large, elevated, upper edge of pupil on a level with the apex of the mandible. Scales deciduous, rubbed off of our specimens, probably about sixty in number.
Dorsal short, inserted midway between the tip of the snout and the base of the caudal; anal long, inserted under the posterior third of the dorsal, extending to a point within diameter of eye from origin of caudal; caudal deeply forked, apparently not filamentous; pectorals small; ventrals wanting.
Color dusky brown above, silvery below; all fins pale; caudal with traces of black on marginal rays.
Family DOROSOMATID^.
22. Konosirus punctatus (Temminck & Schlegel). "Konoshiro."
Fusan (No. 4527a-l).
23. Konosirus nasus (Bloch).
Chinnampo (No. 4227a).
Family ENGRAULIDiE.
24. Engraulis japonicus Temminck & Schlegel.
Fusan.
25. Setipinna gilberti Jordan & Starks. Fusan; very common.
26. Trichosoma hamiltoni (Gray).
Fusan, Chinnampo. (No. 4528, thirty specimens from Fusan, all marked " Korea.") (No. 4133a-e.)
27. Coilia nasus Temminck & Schlegel. "Etsu." Port Arthur (Abbott); Chinnampo (No. 4137a).
28. Coilia ectenes Jordan & Seale. "Etsu." Fusan, Chemulpo (No. 4515a-b).
This species differs from Coilia nasus of Southern Japan in the much larger number of fin-rays (123 instead of 81 in the anal). The number of dorsal
JORDAN AND METZ: FISHES KNOWN FROM THE WATERS OF KOREA
9
rays in the original description (113) is a misprint. The species is common on the sandy shores at Fusan and Chemulpo.
Fig. 6. Coilia ecicncs Jordan & Scale. (Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXIX, p. 518.)
Family SALMONID^.
29. Oncorhynchus masou Brevoort. "Masu." Chinnampo (No. 4355a).
30. Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum). Korea (Berg).
Fig. 7. OncorMjnchus gorbuscha (Walbaum). (After Jordan & Evcrmann, Bull. U. S. N. M., 47, Pt.
IV, Plate 77, fig. 205.)
31. Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum). "Sake." Korea (Berg).
,^
Fig. 8. Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum). (After Jordan & Snyder, Proe. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXIV, p. 573.)
10
MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
32. Plecoglossus altivelis Temminck & Schlegel. "Ayu." Tsushima, Fusan (No. 4541a-c), Seoul, Yalu River.
Fig. 9. Plecoglossus allivelis Temminck & Schlegel. (After Jordan & Evermann, Pioc. U. S. N. M.i
Vol. XXV, p. 328.)
The common Ayu is very abundant in all the rivers of Korea, including the Yalu. Our specimens are from Fusan, and unusually large. It has not been hitherto definitely recorded from the continent of Asia, and the limits of its range are not known.
Family ARGENTINID^.
33. Osmerus dentex Steindachner. Chinnampo (No. 4225a-b).
Fig. 10. Osmerus dentex Steindachner. (After Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. N. M., No. 47, PL
LXXXVI, fig. 229.)
Dr. Berg (Ichthyologia Amurensis, p. 58) places Salmo inghaghitsh of Wal- baum (Artedi Piscium, p. 73) as a doubtful synonym of Osmerus dentex. As the teeth are said to be very small ("dentes minimi") it is not likely that this can be an Osmerus. It can only be Mesopus olidus, which according to Pallas is called "Inniacha" in Kamchatka. In that case the latter species should stand as Mesopus inghaghitsh.
JORDAN AND METZ: FISHES KNOWN FROM THE WATERS OF KOREA 11
34. Spirinchus verecundus sp. nov. (Plate I, fig. 2.)
Type No. 4570, 5.75 inches, Chinnampo, Korea; cotype, No. 4097.
Allied to Osmerus or Spirinchus tJialeichthys Ayres, from the coast of Cali- fornia.
D. 10; A. 13; V. 8; scales 6-64; depth 5.6; head 5.5; eye 3.66 in head; snout 3.66; interorbital 3.66; maxillary 2.5; number of branchiostegals 7; gill- rakers numerous, slender, about 12-24; lateral line median. Teeth on vomer, palatines, and tongue moderate, canine-like, none of them very large, those on jaws very minute. Body slender, compressed, long; dorsal and ventral outlines similar; head rather stout, flat on top; snout bluntly pointed; lower jaw slightly projecting; mouth rather large; maxillary reaching pupil; eye moderate, elevated, nearer tip of snout than gill-opening. Scales rather small, cycloid, none on head.
Dorsal short, rather high, inserted midway between tip of snout and base of caudal; third ray longest, 1.33 in head; distance between insertion of dorsal and adipose dorsal exactly one-third the length of the body; caudal deeply emarginate; pectoral moderate, 1.33 in head, reaching slightly over half-way to ventrals; ventrals inserted under anterior third of dorsal, reaching half-way to anal; anal short, inserted two-thirds of its length before adipose dorsal.
Color dusky above, darkest on back and in a stripe along lateral line; under parts and all fins pale.
Described from three specimens 5.75 inches in total length, taken at Chinnampo, Korea. The type is Number 4570 in the Carnegie Museum. A cotype is in the collection of Stanford University.
Family SALANGID^..
35. Salanx hyalocranius Abbott. "Shirano."
Chinnampo, River Kanko, near Fusan (No. 4253a-d and 4524a-g). Other- wise known only from about Tientsin. Locally abundant. This species is Eperlanus chinensis of Basilewsky {Ichthyographia Chinee Borealis, 1855, p. 242), but the name chinensis is preoccupied in Salanx, for the "Whitebait" of Southern China.
Fig. 11. Salanx hyalocranius Abbott. (Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXIII, p. 491.)
12
MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Family SYNODONTID^. 36. Saurida eso Jordan & Herre. "Eso."
Fusan; common in the markets (No. 4557a).
'vs^^
Fig. 12. Saurida eso Jordan & Herre. (Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXXII, p. 520.)
Family SILURID^. 37. Parasilurus asotus (Linngeus). "Namazu" (Korean name "Chyagasari").
Han River at Seoul, Kanko River (No. 4529a-c); Heijo, Suigen (No. 4361a).
Fig. 13. Parasilurus asotus (Linnirus). (After Jordan & Evermann, Prof. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXV,
p. 320.)
38. Fluvidraco fulvidraco (Richardson). (Korean name "Chyagasari.") Silurus calvarius Basilewsky.
Seoul (Steindachner) ; Suigen (No. 4343a).
39. Leiocassis longirostris (Giinther). Han River, Seoul (Steindachner).
Family COBITID^.
40. Cobitis sinensis Sauvage. "Shimadozo" (Korean name "Chigorunchen"). Suigen, Gensan (No. 4148a); Fusan (Jouy); Pungtung (Herz).
41. Lefua costata Kessler.
Elxis coreanus Jordan & Starks, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXVIII, 1905, p. 201.
JORDAN AND METZ: FISHES KNOWN FROM THE WATERS OF KOREA 13
Gensan, Fusan (Jouy); Gcnsan (Schmidt); Chinnampo (No. 4177, 145 specimens).
Fig. 14. Lcfua costata Kessler. (After Jordan & Starks, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXVIII, p. 202.)
This species seems locally very abundant.
42. Oreias toni (Dybowsky).
Pung-tung (Herz).
Description taken from ten specimens 2.5-4.5 inches long, collected at Chinnampo, Korea (No. 4142a-k):
D. 9; A. 7; pores in lateral line about 95; head in length 4.8; depth 8.5; depth of caudal peduncle in head 1.25; eye 6; snout 2.33; interorbital 4.25; pectoral 1.60. Barbels six, four of them close together on snout, one on apex of each maxillary; nostrils small near eye, anterior with a flap; scales small, imbedded, not imbricated, apparently lacking on head; lateral line median; gill-openings confined to sides, not extending forward, separated by broad isthmus. Body long, slender, not compressed, uniform in depth from shoulder to vent; caudal peduncle compressed, its width at base 1.66 in its depth; head long, slightly compressed, conical, tapering to the bluntly rounded, projecting snout; mouth inferior, small; maxillary reaching to below anterior nostril, not nearly to eye; all barbels long, about equal to snout; eye small, elevated, about midway in length of head.
Dorsal short, rather high, apex rounded, inserted nearer the tip of the snout than the base of the caudal by a distance equal to length of snout; caudal very slightly emarginate; pectorals short, rounded; ventrals inserted very slightly in front of dorsal, not reaching vent; anal short, high, inserted well behind vertical from tip of depressed dorsal, half the length of head behind the last dorsal ray.
Color in spirits dusky above lateral line, irregularly blotched with darker areas, most of which are much larger than eye; sides below lateral line lighter, with indistinct blotches; ventral surface white. Top of head dark, with irreg- ular light specks; sides of head mottled and freckled, with a dark stripe from eye to tip of snout. Dorsal spotted, the spots forming four irregular bars;
14
MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
caudal similar, the spots scarcely arranged in bars; pectoral mottled apically, the spots in two irregular bars. A series of ten specimens shows great variation in color; the blotches on the upper parts of some specimens arranged in zigzag, transverse bars, extending well down on the sides below the lateral line; others are pale, with large distinct, round blotches on back and sides.
According to Dr. Berg, Oreias dabryi Sauvage (Revue & Mag. Zool., XXXVIII, 1874, p. 334) from China is generically identical with Orthrias Jordan and Fowler (0. oreas) of later date. Dr. Berg regards Oreias as a sub- genus of Nemachilus, from which it is separated by the short dorsal and sub- truncate caudal.
43. Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (Cantor). "Dojo" (Korean name "Mikku- kurru").
Fig. 1.5. Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (Cantor). (After Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXX,
p. 834.)
Kanko River (No. 4518a-j), Fusan; everywhere common. Chinnampo, Suigen (No. 4205a-j), Heijo.
According to Dr. Berg, Misgurnus decemcirrosus Basilewsky is not distinct from this species, as Jordan & Snyder have supposed.
Family CYPRINID.E.
44. Cyprinus carpio Linnseus. "Koi" (Korean name "Ing-o"). Korea, common everywhere (Nos. 4526a-c, 4556a-c).
45. Carassius auratus (Linnseus). "Funa" (Korean name "Ping-o"). Everywhere in the rivers (No. 4340a-d, 4364a).
46. Hemibarbus maculatus Bleeker.
Hemibarbus maculatus Bleeker, Verb. Akad. Amst., XII, 1871, p. 19, taf. IV, fig. 8. Yangtsekiang.
Barbus semibarbus Giinther, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 1889, p. 224 (substi- tute for maculatus, preoccupied in Barbus).
JORDAN AND METZ: FISHES KNOWN FROM THE WATERS OF KOREA 15
Hemibarbus joiteni Jordan & Starks, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, XLV, 1904, plate LXIV; Tientsin.
Acanthogobio paltschevskii , Nicolsky, Ann. Mus. Zool. Petersb., VIII, 1904, p. 356. Ussuri River, Chanka Lake.
Heijo (No. 4186a-b).
Three specimens from Heijo, Korea, yield the following notes:
D. Ill, 7; A. 8; scales 8-50; depth 4.6; head 3.6; eye 4; snout 2.25; max- illary 3.11; interorbital 4.25 in head. Body slender, deepest under first dorsal spine; dorsal outline gently rounded, convex from snout to dorsal, thence sloping rapidly to posterior part of dorsal and then very gradually to caudal; ventral outline almost straight from snout to ventrals, thence sloping to caudal; dorsal inserted above tip of pectoral, well before ventrals; ventrals reaching half-way to anal; anal high, but not reaching caudal when depressed. Mouth inferior; snout projecting slightly above; barbels on maxillary slightly less than diameter of eye.
Dorsal very high, third spine equal to depth of body; last soft ray two- fifths length of first, which is equal to third spine; caudal emarginate; ventrals and pectorals narrow, pointed; dorsal pale with dark tip; caudal dusky, darker mesially; remaining fins pale. Body pale below lateral line, dusky above; all scales on back and sides above the level of the pectoral dark-edged, producing a lattice-work effect.
This species is close to Hemibarbus barbus (Schlegel) from Japan, but is certainly distinct. Dr. Berg identified Hemibarbus barbus with Hemibarbus labeo (Pallas) from Siberia. On this question we have no opinion. We have seen no specimens of Hemibarbus barbus from outside of Japan.
47. Hemibarbus labeo (Pallas).
Seoul (Steindachner) as Barbus schlegeli; Fusan (Berg).
We have not seen this species, and do not know whether it is identical with either the Japanese Hemibarbus barbus, or the Chinese Hemibarbus macu- latus.
48. Pseudogobio esocinus Temminck & Schlegel. Chinampo (No. 4136a).
We refer our specimens to this conmaon Japanese species. The snout in Korean examples is somewhat shorter, and the lips a little less papillose, but we find nothing to warrant specific distinction.
49. Pseudogobio rivularis (Basilewsky). Pseudogobio sinensis Kner.
16 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
This species from about Tientsin is close to Pseudogobio esocinus. A small specimen (No. 4310a) from Suigen may belong to it.
50. Gnathopogon^ coreanus (Berg). Sambusan River, South Korea (Berg),
51. Pseudorasbora parva Tomminck & Schlegel.
(Korean name "Torukoki. ")
Description based upon six specimens, the largest three inches in length, taken at Suigen, Korea:
D. 9; A. 8; scales 6-38; depth in length 4.33; head 4.25; depth of caudal peduncle in head 2; eye 3.5; snout 3; maxillary 4; interorbital 3.33; pectoral 1.5; pharyngeal teeth 5, in a single row, long, slender; gill-openings extending a short distance forward below; separated by a narrow isthmus; lateral line com- plete; slightly decurved. Body elongate, moderately deep, deepest at insertion of dorsal; back elevated from nape to dorsal descending rapidly under dorsal fin; ventral outline evenly slightly convex from snout to anal, then slightly concave; caudal peduncle compressed, rather slender; head broad, depressed, flattened above; snout pointed; mouth very short, broad, oblique; lower jaw sHghtly pro- jecting; nostrils close together near eye; maxillary short, not reaching to below nostrils, scarcely half-way to eye; scales large, cycloid, lacking on head.
Dorsal short, high, inserted midway between snout and caudal at apex of back; longest rays equal to length of head; caudal deeply forked; pectoral short; narrowly rounded; apex falling short of ventral base by a distance equal to diameter of eye; ventrals inserted under second dorsal ray, short, not reaching anal, which is inserted behind last dorsal ray a distance equal to two-fifths of head, and reaches about half-way to the base of the caudal when depressed.
Color on top of head and back dark; scales on sides above level of pec- torals each with a large, vertical, crescentic area of dusky, producing a spotted effect; a dark band, equal in width to the diameter of the eye, extends from tip of snout through eye to base of caudal ; under parts and all fins pale.
This species is not distinguishable from Pseudorasbora jyarva, the common "Moroko" of the rivers of Japan.
52. Gonoprokopterus mylodon (Berg). (Barbus mylodon Berg, 1907.) Keumsan near Fusan (Berg).
*Gnathopogon Bleekcr. Ichth. Archipel. Indie. Prodr., II, ISGO, p. 434: type Capoda elongata Schlegel = Leucogohio gunlhcri Ishikawa.
JORDAN AND METZ: FISHES KNOWN FROM THE WATERS OF KOREA
17
53. Ladislavia taczanowskii Dybowsky.
Pung-tung (Herz).
54. Saurogobio athymius (Jordan & Starks),
Fig. 1G. Sauroyobio ath%jmius Jordan & Starks. (Proo. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXYIII, p. 19G.)
Chemulpo (Jouy).
Dr. Berg is quite right in considering the genus Longurio based by Jordan and Starks on this species, as identical with Saurogobio Bleeker, based on S. dumerili Blcckcr from China.
55. Coreius cetopsis (Kner). Chemulpo (Jouy).
56. Pungtungia herzi Herzenstein.
Pung-tung (Herz) .
The genus Pungtungia obviously differs from Pseudorasbora in the presence of well-developed barbels. It differs irom Gnathapogon { = Squalidus Bjhowsky), in the low, produced snout and short oblique mouth; teeth 5-4; scales 40.
57. Aphyocypris ensarca (Jordan & Starks).
Fusan (Jordan & Starks).
Fig. 17. Aphyocypris ensarca Jordan & Starks. (Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXVIII, p. 199.)
Dr. Berg is quite right in uniting the genus Fusania, established by Jordan and Starks for this species, with Aphyocypris, based by Dr. Giinther on A. chinensis.
18 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
58. Richardsonius hakuensis (Glinther). "Ugiu."
Kanko River, Fusan, Chinnampo (No. 4360a-c) (No. 4514a-c). Abundant.
Breeding males with two rather narrow orange stripes on each side from head to tail, one along the back and one along the side of the belly. Since, according to Professor Cockerell, none of the American or Japanese species usually referred to Leuciscus are congeneric with the European dace, Leuciscus leuciscus (Linnseus), we adopt for the group the oldest of the American names. The scales of Richardsonius are said to differ materially from those of Leuciscus.
59. Richardsonius brandti (Dybowsky).
Chinnampo (No. 4110), Gensan (Jordan & Starks, as L. taczanowskii) . According to Dr. Berg brandti and taczanowskii are identical.
60. Richardsonius semotilus (Jordan & Starks). Fusan (Jouy); Gensan (Schmidt).
Fig. 18. Richardsonius semotilus (Jordan & Starks). (Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXVIII, p. 200.)
61. Richardsonius jouyi Jordan & Snyder.
(Leuciscus dorobae Ishikawa.) Sasuma, island of Tsushima.
62. Hemitremia lagowskyi (Dybowsky). Gensan (Schmidt).
According to Professor Cockerell the scales of the European species of Phoxinus differ generically from those of the East Asian and American forms referred to Phoxinus. We therefore use the name Hemitremia for the American and Japanese forms.
63. Acheilognathus coreanus Steindachner.
Seoul (Steindachner).
64. Acheilognathus signifer Berg.
Pung-tung (Herz).
JORDAN AND METZ: FISHES KNOWN FROM THE WATERS OF KOREA 19
65. Acanthorhodeus asmussi Berg. (Plate II, fig. 1.) Jeijo. (Korean name "Nazegi.")
A fine large specimen of this handsome genus (No. 4571) obtained at Heijo we refer with some doubt to Acanthorhodeus asmussi (DybowskjO (Verh. ZooL- Bot. Ges., Wien, XXII, 1872, p. 212, Chanka Lake), as noted by Berg in his Ichthyologia Amurensis.
Description of two specimens 5.5 inches in total length, taken at Heijo, Korea: D. II, 18; A. II, 13; depth 2.25; head 4.5; eye 3.5; snout 3.5; maxillary 4; interorbital 2.5; scales 7, 40, 6. Maxillary with very small rudimentary barbel at tip; lateral line complete, decurved, slightly below median line; pharyngeal teeth 5-5, sharp, curved and claw-like; body deep, compressed, deepest through origin of dorsal; ventral outline evenly curved from snout to caudal peduncle, less strongly arched than dorsal outline, which is very high; head low; profile from tip of snout to nape almost straight; nape high; snout blunt; eye large, elevated; mouth small, inferior; maxillary not reaching front of eye; nostrils large, very closely approximated, and near eye.
Scales very large on sides, smaller below; head naked; dorsal and anal with sheath of large scales at base, none on membrane; dorsal fin long, not high, inserted midway between tip of snout and base of caudal; first two rays spine- Hke, second longest, 1.16 in head; dorsal rays gradually shortened to last which is 2.33 to 3 in first; anal similar to dorsal, inserted under tenth dorsal ray; second ray spine-like, as large as second dorsal ray; caudal emarginate; pec- torals and ventrals small, the former not quite reaching the latter, which are inserted slightly in advance of dorsal and reach almost to anal.
Color dusky above, black on top of head and median line of back; paler below, white on ventral parts; scales above level of pectoral dark-edged; a black band from base of tail along middle of side, becoming narrower and elevated anteriorly, ending in a distinct black blotch, slightly larger than pupil, a short distance behind opercle; all fins pale; dorsal with traces of dusky longitudinal bars; caudal with a few irregular jet-black spots.
This species is somewhat similar to Acanthorhodeus guichenoti Bleeker, but is more slender and has longer spine-like rays in dorsal and anal, and con- spicuous black markings which are lacking in the latter.
66. Rhodeus chosenicus sp. nov. (Plate II, fig. 2.) (Korean name "Sogusari.") Type, No. 4567 and cotypes 4568a-b, the largest 1.84 in. Suigen, Korea. D. 8; A. 8; scales 30; depth 4; head 3.8 in length; eye 3.66 in head; snout
3.8; interorbital 2.8; pharyngeal teeth in one row 5-5, sharp, claw-like; gill-
20 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
rakers sparse, short; lateral line short, descending, incomplete; body elongate, not greatly compressed, slender, deepest through middle of pectorals; dorsal and ventral outlines similar; head depressed, broad, flattened on top; snout bluntly pointed; mouth terminal, oblique; maxillary reaching eye, which is large, slightly elevated; dorsal inserted nearer base of caudal than tip of snout by h.al{ the length of head, short, high; longest ray 1.33 in head; caudal deeply forked; pectoral short, not reaching ventrals, which are inserted slightly before dorsal and extend to vent; anal short, high, inserted behind last dorsal ray; longest ray equal to length of ventrals, reaching half-way to caudal when depressed; caudal peduncle almost as long as head, uniform in depth, which is half its length; scales cycloid, scarcely smaller on belly.
Color in spirits dusky on upper parts, black on top of head and median line of back, lighter below; scales on middle of sides with dusky patches, faint indication of posterior lateral stripe in some specimens; fins all pale.
Described from six specimens, the type largest, 1.84 inches in total length, taken at Suigen, Korea. The type is number 4567 Carnegie Museum; a cotype is in the Stanford University collection.
67. Rhodeus ocellatus Giinther. (Korean name "Nazegi.") Suigen, four specimens (No. 4299a-c).
This little fish is in color almost exactly like Acanthorhodeus asmussi, but there is a black spot behind the shovilder, besides a long blue stripe along the caudal peduncle. It agrees fully with the original description, and its form and color are well shown in Bleeker's figure. (See Cyprinoides de Chine, p. 34, pi. VI, fig. 3.)
68. Pseudoperilampus hondae sp. nov. (Plate II, fig. 3.) Type No. 4566, 2 inches, Suigen, Korea.
D. Ill, 13; A. Ill, 11; scales 7-35; depth 2.8; head 3.8; eye 3.2; snout 4.5; interorbital 3.5; depth caudal peduncle 2.5; maxillary 4; peritoneum black; pharyngeal teeth 5-5, one-rowed, sharp, serrate.
Body moderately deep, greatest depth at origin of dorsal; dorsal and ventral outlines equally convex; anterior profile arched above pectorals, straight from nape to tip of snout; origin of dorsal slightly nearer tip of snout than caudal base; pectorals slender, reaching ventrals; ventrals inserted under first dorsal spine, reaching anal; dorsal fin rather high, longest ray 1.16 in head; anal inserted under sixth dorsal ray, similar to soft dorsal; caudal deeply forked; lateral line slightly below middle of side.
JORDAN AND METZ: FISHES KNOWN FROM THE WATERS OF KOREA 21
Color dusky on back, becoming lighter on middle of sides and white below; scales on upper parts dark-margined; dorsal and anal each with three narrow, black, longitudinal stripes, separated by similar pale stripes; caudal slightly dusky; other fins i^ale.
This species differs from Pseudoperilampus typus in the much larger scales, and the longer vertical fins.
Described from the type 2 inches in total length, taken at Suigen, Korea number 4566 in the Carnegie Museum.
Named for Dr. K. Honda, the director of the Agricultural Station at Suigen, who obtained for us a fine collection from the pond at this station.
69. Opsariichthys bidens Giinther. (Korean name "Woi.") Heijo (No. 4533a) (No. 4232a), Suigen; Seoul (Steindachner) .
This species seems very close to the Japanese representative 0. uncirostris (Temminck and Schlegel).
70. Zacco temmincki (Temminck & Schlegel).
Fusan (Jouy); Pung-tung (Herz).
71. Squaliobarbus curriculus (Richardson).
Seoul (Steindachner).
72. Parapelecus jouyi Jordan & Starks.
Chemulpo (Jouy).
Fig. 19. Parapelecus jouyi Jordan & Starks. (Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXVIII, p. 201.')
73. Parapelecus eigenmanni sp. nov. (Plate III, fig. 1.)
Type No. 4565, 5.5 inches, Suigen, Korea.
D. 9; A. 15; scales in median series about 50; depth 4 in length; head 4.5; eye 4 in head; snout 4; interorbital 3; maxillary 3; pectoral 1; depth of caudal peduncle 2.5. Lateral line very low, with an abrupt anterior arch; body elongate, compressed, deepest in front of ventrals; back slightly elevated; ventral outline much more convex than dorsal; head broad, almost flat on top; dorsal
22 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
profile of head straight; snout high; mouth rather small, terminal, oblique; lower jaw included; maxillary reaching vertical from nostrils, not to eye; nostrils large, elevated, separated by a flap, nearer eye than tip of snout; eye large, slightly elevated, not entering profile; belly trenchant from below pectorals to vent, arched before and behind ventrals.
Dorsal fin inserted nearer base of caudal than tip of snout by a distance equal to half the head; first soft ray slightly longer than spine-like ray, almost equal to length of head; caudal deeply forked; lower lobe slightly the longer; pectoral long, pointed; first ray longest, reaching four-fifths distance to ventrals, which are inserted half their length before dorsal, and extend half way to anal; anal rather long and low; first rays twice the length of last, inserted under apex of depressed dorsal.
Color in spirits entirely pale, slightly dusky above; all fins pale.
Described from type and cotype, the former 5.5, the latter 3.75 inches in total length. The type was taken at Suigen, Korea, and is No. 4565 in the Catalog of the Carnegie Museum. It is named for Prof. C. H. Eigenmann.
74. Pseudaspius bergi sp. nov. (Plate III, fig. 2.)
Type No. 4563, 4 inches, cotypes 4091. Chinnampo, Korea.
D. 9; A. 8; scales 100 to 120 in lateral fine, 53 to 60 before dorsal; head in length 4; depth 5; eye in head 4; maxillary 3; snout 3.66; interorbital 2.75; depth of caudal peduncle 2. Lateral line low, decurved, following ventral out- line posterior to ventrals; body long, slender, not greatly compressed, dorsal and ventral outlines similar; caudal peduncle deep, compressed; head broad, depressed, flattened above, tapering to rather acute snout; no barbels; mouth rather large, oblique, terminal; maxillary reaching eye, nostrils close together, nearer eye than tip of snout; eye rather large, high; interorbital space broad, very shghtly convex. Pharyngeal teeth two-rowed, 4, 2, 2, 4, the outer ones long, fang-like, curved at tips; gill-rakers rudimentary, gill-openings almost confluent, the isthmus very narrow; scales moderate, cycloid.
Dorsal inserted posteriorly, nearer base of caudal than tip of snout by a distance equal to half of head, rather high; longest ray 1.33 in head; caudal emarginate; jDectorals small, rounded, 1.66 in head; reaching a trifle more than half-way to ventrals, which are inserted one-half their length before dorsal, and reach almost to anal; anal short, high, inserted just behind dorsal base, reaching half-way to caudal.
Color in spirits dusky, almost black on upper parts, pale on belly; dorsal, caudal, and tips of pectorals dark; other fins pale.
I
JORDAN AND METZ: FISHES KNOWN FROM THE WATERS OF KOREA 23
Described from six specimens, the type 4 inches, the rest 2.5 to 4 inches in total length, from Chinnampo, Korea. The type is number 4563 in the Catalog of the Carnegie Museum; a cotype is in the collection of Stanford University.
The genus, Psevdaspms, is visibly distinguished from other Korean min- nows by the very small scales. It resembles the American genus Rhmichthys, but has no barbels.
Pseudaspius bergi is a strongly marked species, well separated from Pseud- aspius leptocephalus (Pallas) from the Amur River. It is named for Dr. Leo S. Berg of the Museum at St. Petersburg, in recognition of his admirable "Ich- thyologia Amurensis."
75. Pseudaspius modestus sp. nov. (Plate III, fig. 3.)
Type No. 4561, 2 inches; cotypes No. 4562. Chinnampo, Korea.
D. 9; A. 9; scales in lateral line about 82; head in length 3.5; depth 4.5; eye in head 3.66; snout 3.5; maxillary 3.25; interorbital 3.33; depth of caudal peduncle 3. Pharyngeal teeth two-rowed, 5, 2, 2, 5; lateral Hne decurved, rather below median line of side, less curved than ventral outline; body elon- gate, compressed, moderately deep, deepest in front of ventrals; caudal peduncle compressed, slender; head broad, depressed, flattened above; snout rather acute; mouth terminal, oblique; cleft reaching front of eye; no barbels; eye large, elevated; nostrils close together, posterior, quite large, close to eye.
Dorsal short, high, anterior, inserted nearer tip of snout than base of caudal by a distance equal to two-fifths of head; longest ray 1.33 in head; caudal rather shallowly emarginate; pectorals low, short, 1.66 in head, not reaching ventrals, which are inserted one-third of their length before dorsal, and are short, barely reaching anal; anal short, high, inserted under next to last dorsal ray; scales rather small, cycloid, most distinct on sides.
Color in spirits dusky above; median line of back dark; a dark median line on sides posteriorly, becoming broader and less distinct in pectoral region; under parts and fins pale.
Described from ten specimens, the type two inches in total length taken at Chinnampo, Korea. The type is No. 4561 in the Catalog of the Carnegie Museum.
This species is easily distinguished from Pseudaspius bergi by its deeper body, slenderer caudal peduncle, fewer scales, etc.
76. Culter recurviceps (Richardson). Chemulpo (Jouy).
24
MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
77. Culter ilishaeformis Steindachner. Seoul (Steindachner).
Berg, perhaps correctly, identifies this with Culter erytJiropterus Basilewsky, from about Peking.
78. Ochetobius lucens Jordan & Starks. Chemulpo (Jouy).
Fig. 20. OchetoMus lucens Jordan & Starks. (Proe. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXVIII, p. 196.)
Family PCECILIID^.
79. Oryzias latipes (Temminck & Schlegel). "Kuaushin" (Korean name
"Sogusari").
Fusan (Jouy); Suigen (No. 4210a-o).
■y.r^,w;f mw!smff^'-^*^W^'r ''->^.
Wmm^^.^
KXi ).
^^'
'-4 .
Fig. 21. Oryzias latipes (Schlegel). (After Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXI, p. 290.)
Family M0N0PTERIDJ5. 80. Monopterus albus (Zuieuw). (Korean name "Ugo.") Suigen (No. 4164a). {Apterygia saccogularis and Apterygia nigromaculata Basilewsky.)
Family ANGUILLID^.
81. Anguilla japonica (Temminck & Schlegel). "Unagi" (Korean name
"Penijan"). Fusan, Tsushima (Suigen No. 4123a; "Korea" 4495a-d).
JORDAN AND METZ: FISHES KNOWN FROM THE WATERS OP KOREA 25
Family LEPTOCEPHALIDJi.
82. Leptocephalus anago (Temminck & Schlegel). "Anago."
Fusan market.
83. Leptocephalus myriaster (Brevoort).
Common in the market at Fusan.
Family MUR^NESOCID^.
84. Muraenesox cinereus (Forskal). "Hamo."
Fusan (No. 4498a-d).
Family OPHICHTHYID^.
85. Ophisurus macrorhynchus (Bleeker), Fusan ("Korea" No. 4536a).
This species may be the same as Ophisurus serpens of the Mediterranean.
Family BELONID^.
86. Tylosurus anastomella (Cuvier & Valenciennes). "Datsu."
Belone esocina Basilewsky, Ichthyographia China; Borealis, p. 260, from
Shandun. Fusan (No. 4484a-b).
Family HEMIRAMPHID.E.
87. Hyporhamphus sajori (Temminck & Schlegel). "Sayori."
Belone microstoma Basilewskj^, Ichthyographia Chinee Borealis, p. 260,
Shandun. Fusan (No. 4549a). Common; Chinnampo (No. 4158a).
Family EXOCCETID^.
88. Cypselurus hirundo (Steindachner) . "Tobino." One specimen, Fusan (No. 4304a).
Family SYNGNATHID^.
89. Syngnathus schlegeli Kaup. "Yoji." Chinnampo (No. 4309a-x); Gensan (Jouy).
The specimens are very slender, the snout 1.75 in head.
26 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
90. Hippocampus chinensis Basilewsky.
(IchthyograpMa Chinee Borealis, p. 249.)
Gulf of Pechili; "often seen dried in the markets of Peking." The de- scription of Basilewsky gives no characters by which the identity of the species can be determined, among the numerous sea-horses found on the coasts of Japan and China.
Family AULORHYNCHID^.
91. Aulichthys japonicus Brevoort. Fusan (Jouy).
Family GASTEROSTEID^.
92. Pygosteus sinensis (Guichenot).
Gensan (Jouy).
Family SPHYR^NID^.
93. Sphyraena obtusata (Cuvier & Valenciennes). "Kamasu." Fusan, common; a fine food-fish ("Korea" 4553a-c).
Family MUGILID^.
94. Mugil cephalus Linnaeus. "Bora."
Mugil soiuy Basilewsky, IchthyograpMa Chinee Borealis, p. 226, pi. IV,
fig. 3. ("Korea" 4544a-b, 4501a-c.) Fusan, abundant. The Japanese species differs little, if at all, from the European Mugil cephalus.
95. Liza haematochila (Temminck & Schlegel). "Menada."
Common in Fusan market. Chinnampo (No. 4128); Chemulpo (Schmidt).
Family BERYCID^.
96. Beryx decadactylus Cuvier. "Kimmedai." Fusan.
Family SCOMBRID^.
97. Scomber japonicus Houttuyn. "Saba." Chinnampo (No. 4380a); Fusan (Korea 4543a-e).
98. Auxis thazard Lacepede. "Sodakatsu."
Fusan (No. 4478a). Common in the Tsushima Straits.
99. Scomberomorus niphonius (Temminck & Schlegel). "Sawara." Fusan; a common food-fish.
JORDAN AND METZ : FISHES KNOWN FROM THE WATERS OF KOREA 27
100. Scomberomorus sinensis (Lacepede). "Sawara." Fusan, common; valued as a food-fish.
101. Acanthocybium sara (Lay & Bennett). "Okisawara."
Abundant in the Straits of Tsushima. Specimens five to seven feet long
18-4-18
are sent daily to the market at Seoul from Fusan. The large teeth are „„ , ,,„.
•^ ^20 + 20
The species of Acanthocybium, locally called "Ono," found at Honolulu,
presumably the original Acanthocybium solandri (type from Tahiti), is a very
50 + 50 distinct species, with much smaller teeth, rn i en' ^^^ snout sharper, and the
oU ~|— oU
body slenderer. The huge size of these fishes makes it usually impossible to
retain specimens. The existence of the two species in the Pacific renders it
highly probable that the Atlantic species Acanthocybium petus (Poey) is distinct
from both.
Family TRICHIURID^.
102. Trichiurus japonicus Temminck & Schlegel. "Tachinono." Chinnampo (No. 4183a-c), Fusan; Chemulpo ("Korea" 4485a-4494a-c) . One of the most abundant of the food-fishes especially valued by the
Koreans. The flesh is pale and watery, without much flavor, but nutritious.
Family CARANGID^.
103. Trachurus japonicus (Temminck & Schlegel). "Maazi."
Fusan ("Korea" 4555a-e). Not evidently different from the Trachurus trachurus or semiarmatus of the north of Europe.
104. Seriola aureovittata (Schlegel). "Buri." Fusan; a common food-fish.
Family STROMATEID^.
105. Psenopsis anomala (Temminck & Schlegel). Fusan market.
Family STROMATEOIDID^.
106. Stromateoides argenteus (Euphrasen). (Plate IV.) "Manakatsuo." A common and valued food-fish (Fusan No. 4117).
This is the original Stromateus argenteus of Euphrasen, 1788, the Stromateus aculeatus of Cuvier & Valenciennes, differing from the common Chinese species
28 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
(Stromateoides candidus) (found also rarely in Japan) by its large number of fin- rays.
The Chinese species, abundant in Canton, is Stromateus argenteus of Bloch, 1794, which is the same as Stromateus candidus and Stromateus securifer of Cuvier & Valenciennes, and Stromateus punctatissimus of Schlegel. This species, distinguished by the falcate soft dorsal, with dorsal rays 41, and anal rays 39, should apparently stand as Stromateoides candidus. Stromateus nozawm Ishikawa from the Bay of Tokyo is like Stromateoides argenteus, but differs apparently in the very high dorsal and anal, the lobes when depressed reaching the caudal.
The following is a description of Stromateoides argenteus (Euphrasen), taken from a specimen 185 mm. long, collected at Fusan, Korea: D. 46; A. 43; depth 1.45 in length; head 4.25; eye in head 4.5; snout 3.33. Mouth small, inferior, maxillary reaching to below front of pupil; dorsal beginning half-way between mouth and caudal peduncle; nape high; head sloping to the rounded, blunt snout; back sloping both ways from beginning of dorsal, the profile both anteri- orly and posteriorly being nearly straight, but the former more abruptly slop- ing; dorsal high in front, fourth ray one-third longer than head, sloping abruptly to the fourteenth or fifteenth ray, which is less than one-third the length of the longest ray; anal similar, but with the anterior lobe higher (almost twice head), inserted well behind the origin of the dorsal; pectoral one and one-half times the length of the head, rounded; caudal deeply forked; caudal peduncle short, equal to the length of the last anal rays.
Color silvery below the lateral line, which runs high, following the outline of the back; upper parts above lateral line dusky, somewhat metallic; vertical fins margined with black.
We know of no other differences between this species and Stromateoides candidus, except that the latter has the dorsal rays 41 and the anal 39. The two are doubtless "geminate" species, Stromateoides argenteus being from the north and Stromateoides candidus from the south.
107. Stromateoides echinogaster (Basilewsky) . (Plate V.)
Chinnampo (No. 4572); Port Arthur (Abbott).
This species is distinguished from Stromateoides argenteus by the inequality of the lobes of the caudal fin in the adult. In the young the upper lobe is nearly as long as the lower, but with increasing age the lower lobe is one- third to one-half longer than the other. The species is the geminate repre- sentative of Stromateoides cinereus Bloch, of India, differing chiefly in the increased number of fin-rays, being D. 44 to 46, A. 41 to 43 in Stromateoides
JORDAN AND METZ: FISHES KNOWN FROM THE WATERS OF KOREA 29
echinogaster; and D. 40, A. 38 in Stromateoides cinereus. The name echinogaster refers to the spinules in the oesophagus, common to all stromateoid fishes.
Description taken from eight specimens, 4.5 to 5.5 inches in total length, collected at Chinnampo, Korea:
D. 46; A. 43; depth 1.4; head 4.5; eye 3.33; snout 4; interorbital 2.4; pectoral 2.6 in body-length; depth of caudal peduncle 2.66 in head; longest dorsal ray 3.5 in body. Body rhombic, very deep and compressed, deepest under origin of dorsal; nape high; profile of head very steep; snout very blunt, rounded, projecting beyond mouth; eye rather large, median, above level of mouth; giU-openings lateral, vertical or shghtly inclined forward, 1.4 in head; nostrils large, posterior several times as large as anterior, both remote from eye, close together, near tip of snout; lateral line high, irregular in outline, roughly corresponding to dorsal outline.
First ten dorsal spines modified into anvil-shaped scutes, which are raised above the surface and are sharp at both ends. These are covered with flesh in the adult examples, and are not counted in the number given above for the dorsal and anal rays; first to fourth rays graduated, fourth longest, longer than head; remaining rays growing rapidly shorter to about the fifteenth, which is less than one-third the length of highest, and is about equal to the following ones; anal similar to dorsal, but of fewer rays and scutes; pectoral elongate, slender, reaching half-way to caudal, extending to dorsal notch; caudal deeply notched, the lower lobe usually the longer.
Color in spirits almost black above the lateral line, especially on top of caudal peduncle; below lateral line the sides become gradually lighter to about the median part, below which they are silvery, except in some specimens where the silver color is rubbed off; posterior part of opercle and margins of vertical fins black; pectoral pale or faint dusky. In most specimens the body and head are irregularly speckled with fine black points. A specimen from Port Arthur, noted by Jordan and Starks as Stromateoides cinereus, has D. 44; A. 42. One from Swatow has D. 44; A. 41. It is quite possible that the two forms cinereus and echinogaster, geminate species, the one northern, the other southern, may be found to intergrade.
Family EQUULIDiE.
108. Leiognathus argenteus (Houttuyn). "Gira."
Fusan {Equula nuchalis of Schlegel). (No. 4256a.)
30 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Family RACHYCENTRID^.
109. Rachycentron pondicerrianixm (Cuvier & Valenciennes). "Sugizame."
One large specimen seen in the museum at Fusan. It is not clear that this Asiatic species is distinct from Rachycentron canadum of the Atlantic.
Family CHEILODIPTERIDiE.
110. Amia lineata (Schlegel). Market of Fusan.
111. Scombrops boops (Houttuyn). Tsushima (Jouy).
Family PRIACANTHID^.
112. Priacanthus macracanthus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Fusan {Priacanthus benmebari of Schlegel) ("Korea" 4511).
Family SERRANID^.
113. Lateolabrax japonicus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). "Suzuki." Fusan, abundant. ("Korea," Nos. 4479a, 4481a, 4552a-b, 4580.)
The dark spots on the sides are more distinct than usual in Japanese specimens. The species described from Pechili and Naukin as Labrax lyiuy by Basilewsky, Ichthyographia Chinee Borealis, p. 219, is not identifiable unless it be by the Chinese name. It is a fish of the type of Lateolabrax, or Epinephelus, "blackish in life, striped and banded with dusky after death. Caudal entire; dorsal notched: it lives in all the rivers." Perhaps it is based on Siniperca chuatsi.
114. Siniperca scherzeri Steindachner. (Plate VI, fig. 1.)
This species is here described from two specimens respectively 160 and 90 mm. long, taken in the River Kan-ko near Fusan, Korea (No. 4174a). A larger specimen from Heijo has precisely the same color-markings (Suigen No. 4173). Head 2.6; depth 3.6; snout in head 3.5; eye 5.16; interorbital 6; depth caudal peduncle 3.6; maxillary 2.2. Dorsal XII, 13; anal III, 9; pores in lateral line about 100; series of scales along lateral line about 126, between lateral line and dorsal 23 to 25.
Body long, slender, compressed, deepest under fourth dorsal spine; head depressed in front, the upper profile descending abruptly at nape, and thence gradually in a straight line to tip of long, pointed snout. Lower jaw strongly
JORDAN AND MEIZ: FISHES KNOWN FROM THE WATERS OF KOREA 31
projecting; outline of back arched, descending abruptly under last three rays of soft dorsal; caudal peduncle deeper than long, tapering very little; ventral outline almost straight from snout to anal.
Spinous dorsal low, gently and evenly rounded from tip to tip; longest spine 3 in head; soft dorsal rounded, slightly higher than spinous dorsal, its base one-half that of the latter; caudal rounded; anal short, rounded, as high as soft dorsal; second spine longer and much stronger than longest dorsal spine; ventrals as long as pectorals, not nearly reaching vent; pectorals narrow. Maxillary reaching posterior margin of eye; preopercle with numerous small spines above, two larger ones at angle, and two on margin below; opercle with two broad, flat spines above; interorbital area slightly concave, smooth; body covered with very small ctenoid scales in uniform series; cheeks, opercles, and temporal region with small embedded scales; remainder of head naked; fins not scaled, except caudal base.
Color in spirits light brown, sides below lateral line with large round or ovate dark spots, separated by narrow, light, undulating streaks, forming rings around the spots. Above the lateral line the spots are smaller and more separated. Indistinct dark blotches are evident on back below middle of spin- ous dorsal, and below front of soft dorsal, and on caudal peduncle below last dorsal ray. Head above dark, with small, round, black spots; cheeks and opercles and all fins, except pectorals, spotted like upper part of sides; throat and belly white; spinous dorsal margined with black.
This species agrees fairly well with the description of Siniperca scherzeri Steindachner from the lower Yangtse River. It differs in the number of fin- rays (Dorsal XIII, 11 or 12 in Siniperca scherzeri), in the sharper and longer snout, and in the sharper coloration. It is probable that Steindachner's figure was taken from an older fish than the one here figured, but of the same species.
115. Siniperca chuatsi (Basilewsky) .
{Perca chuatsi and Perca chuantsi Basilewsky, I chthy agraphia Chinm
Borealis, p. 218? Lahrax lyiuy Basilewsky, p. 219.) Keumsan, Southern Korea (Schmidt). Not seen by us.
116. Coreoperca herzi (Herzenstein) . iCoreoperca whiteheadi Boulenger.) Pung-tung (Herz) Not seen by us.
117. Stereolepis ischinagi (Hilgendorf). "Ishinagi." A large specimen in the museum at Fusan.
32
MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Fig. 22. Stereolepis ischinagi (Hilgendorf). (After Jordan & Richardson, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol.
XXXVII, p. 436.)
118. Epinephelus tsirimenara (Temminck & Schlegel). "Tsirimenara." Seen in the Fusan museum.
Fig. 23. Epinephelus tsirimenara (Temminck & Schlegel). (After Jordan & Richardson, Proc. U. S.
N. M., Vol. XXXVII, p. 461.)
119. Epinephelus septemfasciatus (Thunberg). Fusan market.
120. Epinephelus awoara (Temminck & Schlegel). "Aoara." Fusan market.
121. Epinephelus ionthas sp. nov. (Plate VI, fig. 2.) Type No. 4559, 14 inches, Fusan, Korea.
D. XI, 17; A. Ill, 8; head 2.33; depth 2.87; eye 5.75; maxillary 2.75;
JORDAN AND METZ: FISHES KNOWN FROM THE WATERS OF KOREA 33
interorbital 6; scales about 15, 95. Dorsal outline more convex than ventral; body deep, greatest depth through axil of pectoral; profile of head arched above, rather high at nape, nearly straight from tip of snout to nape; lower jaw strongly projecting, entering dorsal profile; back high under spinous and most of soft dorsal, descending rather abruptly to deep, short, caudal peduncle, which is two-thirds as long as deep; caudal rounded; both dorsals high, with a shallow notch between; first four dorsal spines graduated, fourth highest, equal to longest soft ray, which is 2.75 in head; origin of dorsal above margin of pre- opercle; origin of ventrals well behind axil of pectoral; pectoral rounded, broad, reaching tips of ventrals, but not nearly to vent; mouth large, slightly oblique; maxillary reaching well behind eye; teeth on sides of lower jaw in two rows; body and head, except mandibles and maxillaries scaled; scales on anterior part of head, and ventral part of head and body very small; dorsal and anal un- sealed.
Color in spirits light; sides thickly covered with round dark spots (orange- red in life), about one-fourth the diameter of eye, separated by narrow light interspaces; spots becoming more or less confluent and indistinct on middle and lower part of sides; head lighter, the spots more scattered; cheeks dark with round light spots; mandibles and maxillaries uniformly light in color; below the sixth and seventh dorsal spines is an indistinct dark blotch, followed under the last four spines by one which is larger and more conspicuous. No spots below soft dorsal; spinous dorsal light with a narrow dark margin; soft dorsal spotted like body; caudal dusky, black-edged; anal with black margin and a black bar one-third from base; ventrals tipped with black; pectorals pale.
Described from the type, which is fourteen inches in total length, and was taken at Fusan, Korea. It is No. 4559 in the Catalog of the Carnegie Museum, Numerous other specimens were seen in the market.
The species is allied to Epinephelus akaara, but is distinguished by the color and the deeper body.
Family H^MULID^.
122. Pomadasis hasta (Bloch). Fusan (Jouy).
123. Hapalogenys nigripinnis (Temminck & Schlegel). Fusan ("Korea" 4502a).
124. Hapalogenys mucronatus (Eydoux & Souleyet).
Chinnampo (No. 4113a), Fusan. ("Korea" 4507a-b, 4522a-e.) CaUed
34
MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
"Banzaidai," apparently a vernacular name. It was transferred by Schlegel to Banjos banjos, to which it may possibly properly belong.
125. Plectorhynchus cinctus (Temminck & Schlegel). Fusan ("Korea" 4537a-b).
Family SPARID^.
126. Pagrosomus major Temminck & Schlegel. "Madai," "Tai," "Akadai." Pagrus arthurius Jordan and Starks.
Port Arthur (Abbott); Fusan, Chemulpo ("Korea" 4540a-i).
Fig. 24. Pagrosomus major Temminck & Schlegel. (After Jordan & Starks, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol.
XXXI, p. 518.)
Abundant; one of the most important Japanese food-fishes; equally abun- dant in Korea. The specimen from Port Arthur, named Pagrus arthurius, is an ordinary "red tai," with the third dorsal spine injured.
127. Evynnis cardinalis (Lacepede). "Kodai." Fusan (Jouy).
128. Talus tumifrons (Temminck & Schlegel). Abundant in Tsushima Straits, in deep water.
129. Sparus macrocephalus (Basilewsky) . "Kurodai." {Chrysophrys swinhonis Gtinther.)
Fusan, common ("Korea" 4496a). This species has watery flesh, very much inferior to that of the red tai, or "akadai" {Pagrosomus major). It is evident that this is the species poorly figured and poorly described by Basi-
JORDAN AND METZ: FISHES KNOWN FROM THE WATERS OF KOREA
35
lewsky as Pagrus macrocephalus. This name must replace that of Sparus swinhonis, adopted from Giinther, by Jordan and Thompson. In the numbering
Fig. 25. Taius tmnifrons (Temminck & ScUegel). (After Jordan & Thompson, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol.
XLI, p. 572.)
of his plates, Basilewsky has transposed this species and his Scicena tenlo (= Scicena albiflora).
I
Fig. 26. Sparus macrocephalus (Basilewsky). (After Jordan & Thompson, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XLI,
p. 5S7.)
Family SCI^NIDtE. 130. Scisena japonica (Temminck & Schlegel). (Plate VII, fig. 1.) "Nibe." ? Scicena niiiuy Basilewsky, Ichthyographia Chinee Borealis, p. 22, Pechili. Chinnampo (No. 4356a and 4368a), Fusan ("Korea" 4493a-d, 4581); a
36
MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
common food-fish, but not highly vahied, being reputed to be rather coarse. It reaches a length of about four feet.
The species has not been recorded since the time of Temminck and Schlegel, who knew it only from a drawing by Biirger, a drawing perfectly recognizable. The existence of the species has been questioned by Steindachner, and by Jordan and Thompson.
The following are the field notes of Dr. Jordan (Seoul Market). Dark dusty gray in life. Dorsal and caudal black; a faint, dark, axillary blotch. Preopercle with long, slender, flexible points. Body slender; caudal rhombic; scales loose. Outer teeth in both jaws equally enlarged; head pointed; jaws subequal; maxillary 2.66 in head. Pectoral long, 2 in head; anal spines very small. Gill-rakers 10 + 12, including rudiments; all of them short and thick; dorsal scaleless. Dorsal X, I, 29; anal II, 7; scales 75. All the dorsal spines low, the third highest.
131. Scisena albiflora (Richardson). "Akaguchi," "Kuchi."
Sciwna tenlo Basilewsky, Ichthyographia ChincE Borealis, p. 220. Gulf of
Pechili. Port Arthur (Abbott); Fusan, Chinnampo (No. 4357a, 4372a) ("Korea"
4519a).
Fig. 27. Scimna albiflora (Richardson). (After Jordan and Thompson, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXXIX,
p. 250.)
Next to the red tai {Pagrosomus major) this is the commonest fish at Fusan, being salted in great numbers. In life it is lustrous brassy, or coppery in color, hence called "akaguchi" or red croaker. It is fairly well figured and very poorly described by Basilewsky as Scicena tenlo.
The slight differences separating the Japanese species Scicena niitsukurii from this species seem to hold in our specimens.
JORDAN AND METZ : FISHES KNOWN FROM THE WATERS OF KOREA 37
132. Sciaena schlegeli Bleeker. "Kuchi." Chinnampo (No. 4259a), Fusan market.
This may be the Scicena chanchua or yellow fish ("piscis flavus pictus") of Basilewsky, I chthy agraphia Chinee Borealis, p. 221. The description is however very inadequate, and might refer to Scicena manchurica.
133. Sciaena iharae sp. nov. (Plate VII, fig. 2.) "Guchi." Type No. 4371, 300 mm. Fusan, Korea.
Head 3; depth 3.25; eye 6 in head; 1.66 in snout; interorbital 3.5 in head; maxillary 2.33. Dorsal X, 29; anal II, 7; scales 8, 50, 12 or 13 (above ventrals); gill-rakers 7 + 9, comparatively short and stout; longest one .4 diameter of eye.
Body compressed, its width 2 in depth, elongate, deepest through base of pectorals; lower outline only slightly curved; head rather long; snout not abruptly blunted, its outline continuing to the even curve of profile of head above; lower jaw included; maxillary reaching posterior fourth of eye; teeth in two rows, the outer conical, sharp, and slender, the inner minute; angular bone of lower jaw notched posteriorly and projecting mesially, on this projection a slender, deciduous spine, which is hinged below and depressible into a groove at base; preopercle unarmed, its margin finely notched; opercle with two, flat, flexible points. Scales large, ctenoid, firm, covering body and head, except lips; no scales on vertical fins, but soft dorsal and anal sheathed with a row at base.
Pectorals long, narrow, pointed, 1.4 in head; ventrals inserted below axil of pectoral, reaching about two-thirds distance to vent; spinous dorsal rather short and high, its base 1.8 in soft dorsal; fourth spine 2.75 in head; soft dorsal uniform, about .8 height of first dorsal; caudal rounded; anal short, rounded, higher than spinous dorsal.
Color silvery below, brownish above; dorsal edged with dusky; a con- spicuous black blotch on opercle; centers of scales dark, forming indistinct longitudinal bands, irregularly broken above and below.
Described from the type 300 mm. long, collected by Dr. Jordan at Fusan, Korea (No. 4371a). It is named for Mr. B. Ihara, the Commissioner of Fisheries in Chosen.
This species resembles Scicena schlegeli (Bleeker), but has firmer fiesh, with non-deciduous scales, has a longer, less blunt snout, a much smaller eye, (6 in head instead of 4), and has 29 instead of 25 to 27 rays in the soft dorsal. Basilewsky 's Scimna arcuata, Ichthijographki China; Borealis, p. 221, salted for the market of Peking and sent up from southern China, is some species of this type. It cannot be Sciwna iharce, as it is said to have 11 or 12 dorsal spines.
38
MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
In the paper on the Scisenidse of Japan, by Jordan and Thompson, the name Scicena argentaia is accepted from Houttuyn for the species called Scicena bleekeri by Steindachner. On fuller comparison we are obliged to reject Houttuj^n's trivial description as inadequate and unidentifiable. The Japanese species from Tokyo, in question, however, cannot be Scicena bleekeri, which is an Indian species. It must apparently receive the substitute name, suggested by Dr. Doderlein, of Scicena yeddoensis.
134. Sciaena manchurica Jordan & Thompson. Port Arthur (Abbott).
Fig. 28. Scicena manchurica Jordan & Thompson. (Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXXIX, p. 256.)
135. Laramichthys rathbunae Jordan & Starks. Chinnampo (No. 4141a); Fusan (Jouy).
Fig. 29. Laramichthys rathbunce Jordan & Starks. (Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXVIII, p. 204.)
This si^ecimen from Chinnampo, in much better condition than the original type, agrees with it in all essential respects.
136. Collichthys lucidus (Richardson).
(? Scicena meygun Basilewsky, Ichthyograi)hia Chinee Borealis, p. 222; Southern Sea of China.)
JORDAN AND METZ: FISHES KNOWN FROM THE WATERS OF KOREA
39
Scicena meygun Basilewsky, said to be brought to Peking, salted, from the sea to the south, is certainly a species of Collichthys, but no specific characters are given. The dorsal rays in C. lucidus are 33.
Korea (Bernadou).
137. Collichthys fragilis Jordan & Scale.
Fig. 30. Collichthys frayilis Jordan & Seale. (Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXIX, p. 523.)
Port Arthur (Abbott); Fusan market. Locally very abundant. Dorsal rays 27.
138. Collichthys niveatus Jordan & Starks.
Chinnampo (No. 4577); Port Arthur (Abbott). Dorsal rays 24.
Fig. 31. Collichthys niveatus Jordan & Starks. (Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXXI, p. 519.)
Family MULLIDiE.
139. Upeneoides bensasi (Temminck & Schlegel). "Himeji." Jinsen (No. 4320a-b).
40
MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Fig. 32. Upeneoides bensasi (Temminck & Schlegel). (After Snyder, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXXII,
p. 98.)
Family POLYNEMID^. 140. Polydactylus agonasi Jordan & McGregor. Seen in Fusan museum.
Fig. 33. Polydactylus agonasi Jordan & McGregor. (Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXX, p. 815.)
141. Polydactylus prionostomus (Basilewsky) .
Osteoglossum prionostoma Basilewsky, I chthy agraphia Chinee Borealis, p. 211; Gulf of Pechili.
This species is not known to us. It is evidently a species of Polydactylus, but it is described as having six free pectoral filaments (" pectoralium priores radii sex longi"). The only species of Polydactylus yet known from these waters is Polydactylus agonasi with five free filaments. The fins in Polydactylus prionostomus are said to be pale. In the Chinese species with six filaments, P. xanthonemus and P. sectarius, the pectorals are black.
Family OPLEGNATHID^. 142. Oplegnathus fasciatus (Temminck & Schlegel). Fusan ("Korea" 4504a).
JORDAN AND METZ: FISHES KNOWN FROM THE WATERS OF KOREA
41
Family CIRRHITIDiE. 143. Goniistius zonatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Fusan ("Korea" 4483a).
Fig. 34. Goniistius zonatus (Cuv. & Val.). (After Jordan & Herre, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXXIII,
p. 164.)
Family SILLAGINID^.
144. Sillago sihama Forskal. "Kisu." Chinnampo, Fusan (No. 4163a, 4321a); common.
Specimens of this species show great variation in the depth of the body, attenuation of the head and snout, and height of the spinous dorsal. All seem to belong to one species, however, and to be identical with others from Japan, Swatow, Hong Kong, Formosa, and the Philippines.
Family PTEROPSARID^.
145. Neopercis sexfasciata (Temminck & Schlegel). "Toragisu." Fusan ("Korea" 4525a-b).
146. Neopercis snyderi Jordan & Starks. Korea (Jouy).
Fig. 35. Neopercis snyderi Jordan & Starks. (Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXVIII, p. 211.)
42
MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Family URANOSCOPID^.
147. Uranoscopus japonicus Houttuyn. Fusan ("Korea" 4551a-b).
Family ANABANTID^.
148. Polyacanthus opercularis (Linnseus). (Korean name "Pottrupungo.") Suigen (No. 4122a-i); Fusan (Jouy).
149. Macropodus viridi-auratus Lacepede.
Seoul (8t eindachner) .
Family OPHICEPHALIDiE.
150. Ophicephalus argus Cantor. "Eso."
(No. 4523a.) Very abundant in the Han River at Seoul, and daily brought alive into the markets. The species was described by Cantor from Chusan Island off Shanghai. Ophicephalus pekinensis Basilewsky is apparently the same.
Family EMBIOTOCIDiE.
151. Ditrema temmincki Bleeker. Fusan, common.
Fig. 36. Ditrema temmincki Bleeker. (After Jordan & Sindo, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXIV, p. 358.)
152. Neoditrema ransonneti (Stcindachner). Tsushima (Jouy).
153. Chromis notatus Temminck & Schlegel. Tsushima (Jouy).
JORDAN AND METZ: FISHES KNOWN FROM THE WATERS OF KOREA
43
Fig. 37. Neoditrema ransonneli (Steindachner). (After Jordan & Sindo, Pioc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXIV,
p. 356.)
Family LABRID^. 154. Semicossyphus reticulatus Cuvier & Valenciennes. Fusan, specimens large and small (No. 5413a-b).
Fig. 38. Semicossyphus reticulatus Cuv. «& Val. (After Jordan & Snyder, Froc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXIV,
p. 622.)
155. Pseudolabrus japonicus (Houttuyn).
Fusan, common; Tsushima (Jouy) ("Korea" 5447a).
156. Halichceres bleekeri Steindachner & Doderlein. "Aobera." Fusan (No. 4312).
157. Halichceres poecilopterus (Temminck & Schlegel). "Akabera."
Three males and one female; the former corresponding to the "pyrrko- grainnms" of Temminck and Schlegel. Such large sexual difference as occurs in this species is rare among the Labridce.
Fusan (No. 4542a).
44
MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Family ZEID^.
158. Zeus japonica Temminck & Schlegel. "Matodai." Fusan, Straits of Tsushima ("Korea" 4482a).
Family TEUTHID^.
159. Teuthis fuscescens (Houttuyn). "Aigo." Fusan (No. 4204a-j).
Under the present rules of the International Congress of Zoologists, Teuthis Linnaeus should apparently replace Siganus Forskal. The genus Teuthis of Linnaeus included a species of Hepatus {hepatus Linnaeus) (Acanthurus Forskal) and one Siganus (javus). It was first restricted to Teuthis javus Linnaeus and its allies by Cuvier in 1817, an arrangement followed by Cuvier and Valen- ciennes, Cantor, and Gtinther. This adjustment must apparently stand, although the original Teuthis of Linnaeus (1866) has the same content as the earlier Hepatus of Gronow (1765).
Family MONACANTHID^.
160. Stephanolepis japonicus (Tylesius). Fusan (Jouy).
Fig. 39. Stephanolepis japonicus (Tylesius). (After Jordan & Fowler, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXV,
p. 266.)
161. Stephanolepis cirrhifer (Temminck & Schlegel). "Kawahagi." Fusan, common (No. 4508a-b).
JORDAN AND METZ: FISHES KNOWN FROM THE WATERS OF KOREA
45
162. Pseudomonacanthus unicornu (Basilewsky). "Unadzura-hayi," "Mahagi." Balistes unicornu Basilewsky, I chthy agraphia Chinee Borealis, 1855, p. 263;
Shan Dun province. Monacanthus modestus Giinther, Annals & Magazine Nat. Hist., 1877, p. 446.
Fig. 40. Pseudomonacanthus unicornu (Basilewsky). (After Jordan & Fowler, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol.
XXV, p. 269.)
Fusan; a common market-fish ("Korea" 4486a-c).
There seems no doubt that Basilewsky's description belongs to this par- ticular species, although it contains very little which is not of general appli- cation to these fishes. This species is common in the waters of western Korea, and in its measurements it agrees with B. unicornu.
163. Alutera monoceros (Osbeck). Fusan ("Korea" 4469a).
Family TETRAODONTID^.
164. Spheroides rubripes (Temminck & Schlegel). "Torafugu." Chinnampo (No. 4374a), Fusan, common ("Korea" 4535a-c). A large specimen has the prickles on back and belly obsolete.
165. Spheroides xanthopterus Temminck & Schlegel. Chinnampo (No. 4377a) ; back unspotted.
166. Spheroides pardalis (Temminck & Schlegel). "Fugu."
Heijo, Fusan, Chinnampo (No. 4370a); abundant. (Suigen, No. 4576a-b "Korea" 4512a-f.)
46 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
167. Spheroides borealis Jordan & Snyder. Chinnampo (No. 4261a).
Fig. 41. Spheroides borealis Jordan & Snyder. (Proc. U. fcj. N. M., Vol. XXIV, p. 245.)
168. Spheroides vermicularis (Temminck & Schlegel). Chinnampo (No. 4111a).
169. Spheroides basilewskianus (Basilewsky) . (Plate VIII, fig. 1.) Tetraodon basilewskianus Basilewsky, I chthy agraphia Chinee Borealis, p. 262;
Sea off Peking.
Chinnampo (No. 4573).
A large specimen agrees with the scanty account of Tetraodon basilewskianus and differs from the closely related Japanese species Spheroides alboplumbeus in the total absence of white spots. It may be provisionally accepted as a valid species.
The following description is from two examples 10 inches long, taken at Chinnampo, Ivorea:
D. 13; A. 13; head 3; depth 3; eye 8; snout 2.4; interorbital 2; least depth of caudal peduncle 3.2 in head; width of body 3.33 in length. Back and belly with small, stout prickles; caudal truncate; no lateral body fold; body rather stout, elongate, greatest depth through gill-opening; ventral outline very convex, dorsal less so; head broad; snout blunt; interorbital area slightly convex, broad; caudal peduncle depressed, tapering, semi-conical; nostrils papilliform, elevated, as near tip of snout as eye; eye small, elevated, entirely above level of pectoral base; gill-openings vertical, equal to pectoral base, inner flap evident; mouth terminal, broad, teeth large, cutting edges concave; anterior portion of teeth slightly produced, bluntly pointed.
Dorsal high, fifth ray longest, 1.5 in head; posterior rays gradually short- ened to near last, then abruptly shortened; distance from insertion of dorsal to tip of snout two and one-half times that from base of caudal, the latter equal-
JORDAN AND METZ: FISHES KNOWN FROM THE WATERS OF KOREA 47
ling distance from posterior edge of mouth to gill-opening; anal opposite and similar to dorsal; pectoral broad, short, almost truncate; upper rays shghtly longer, equal to snout in length.
Color in spirits uniform dusky ashen above upper level of gill-opening, darker on back; an ocellated spot considerably larger than eye near tip of pectoral; area at base of dorsal dark, but without distinct spot; under parts white. Dorsal, anal, and caudal tipped with blackish; pectorals dusky brown; sides and back without any indication of stripes or spots, except the pectoral spots.
This species resembles Spheroides alboplumbeus of Japan and Southern China, but differs in size of eye, interorbital width, etc., and also in color, S. alboplumbeus being covered above with conspicuous white spots.
Family TRICHODONTID^.
170. Arctoscopus japonicus Steindachner.
Chinnami^o (No. 4109a-c). Several fine specimens were obtained agreeing perfectly with Steindachner's original description and figure.
The figure published by Jordan and Evermann (Fishes of North and Middle America) from deep water off Iturup Island represents a deeper fish, perhaps specifically distinct.
Family HEXAGRAMMID^.
171. Pleurogrammus azonus sp. nov. (Plate VIII, fig. 2.) Type No. 4558, 14 inches, Chinnampo.
D. XXI, 29; A. 27; scales 20, 180; pores 163; depth 4.5; head 3.6; eye 5.66; maxillary 2.87; snout 3; interorbital 3.33; depth of caudal peduncle 5 in head; body long, rather slender, greatest depth through base of ventrals; dorsal and ventral outlines similar; head rather stout; nape not high; dorsal profile evenly curved; snout blunt; lower jaw included; maxillary reaching to below anterior margin of eye; interorbital area convex; eye moderate, high, but not entering dorsal profile. Dorsal inserted above posterior margin of preopercle, continuous and almost uniform in height throughout; sixth spine 2.6 in head; anal similar to soft dorsal; pectorals large, rounded; fifth to eighth rays longest; ventrals inserted below sixth dorsal spine, reaching not quite to tips of pectorals, slightly over half the distance to anal; caudal large, emarginate, its basal portion trenchant above and below; caudal peduncle stout, almost as broad as deep; gill-rakers 5 + 14, wide apart; mouth rather large, oblique; no teeth on vomer
48 MEMOIRS OF THE CAENEGIE MUSEUM
or palatines; teeth in jaws in bands, outer row enlarged, canine-like, inner rows becoming obsolete on sides; gill-membranes united, free from the isthmus, the opening extending forward slightly below; body, cheeks and upper parts of head with small ctenoid scales, not extending on vertical fins.
First lateral line separated from dorsal by four rows of scales (five anteri- orly), each approaching its fellow in front of dorsal and behind dorsal, but in neither case uniting with it. The origin is on top of the head slightly behind eye, the apex is on base of caudal peduncle. Second lateral line runs parallel to first for length of dorsal, then descends abruptly to middle of caudal peduncle and thence in a straight line to base of caudal. Third lateral line extends from a point on a level with the sixteenth pectoral ray and above the middle of the vcntrals, to above the last anal ray. Fourth lateral line runs from isthmus along edge of ventrals, to above first anal ray. Fifth extends along base of anal, uniting with its fellow between tips of inner ventral rays, running thence to isthmus. In addition to these there is a short line lying just above the fourth and reaching from above middle of ventrals to opposite vent. On one side of our specimen this unites for a short distance with the fourth, on the other it is free. The first and second lines are separated by fifteen scales anteriorly; the third and fifth by ten scales opposite insertion of anal.
Fig. 42. Hexagranimus aburaco Jordan & Starks. (Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXVI, p. 1008.)
Color dusky above, lighter below; fins all dusky; dorsal with black cloud- ings; caudal lobes black-tipped; no trace of the black cross-bands characteristic of P. monopterygius.
Described from the type which is fourteen inches in total length, taken at Chinnampo, Korea. It is No. 4558 in the Catalog of the Carnegie Museum.
This species differs from Pleurogrammus monopterygius in the slenderer body,
JORDAN AND METZ: FISHES KNOWN FROM THE WATERS OF KOREA 49
larger number of fin-rays, larger scales, the different lateral lines, and the absence of dark cross-bars on the body.
172. Agrammus agrammus (Temminck & Schlegel).
Fusan (No. 4487a).
173. Hexagrammus otakii Jordan & Snyder. "Aburame." Chinnampo (No. 4365a), and Fusan, common ("Korea" 4489a).
174. Hexagrammus aburaco Jordan & Starks. "Ainame."
Fusan (No. 4500a). One specimen of this rare form. It may possibly be a variant of Hexagranimos otakii, rather than a distinct species.
Family SCORP^NID^.
175. Sebastodes schlegeli Hilgendorf.
Chinnampo (No. 4162a; No. 4381a), Fusan; Gensan (Schmidt); Tsushima (Jouy) ("Korea" 4531a).
This species is everywhere common in Northern Japan and Korea. The early name, Sparus fuscescens of Houttuyn, adopted by Jordan and Starks, is, as we believe, not identifiable. We therefore take a later name, schlegeli, apparently not open to doubt.
Fig. 43. Sebastodes guntheri Jordan & Starks. (Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXVII, p. 102.)
176. Sebastodes gUntheri Jordan & Starks. Chinnampo (No. 4106a).
177. Sebastodes ijimae sp. nov. (Plate IX, fig. 1.) Type No. 4172, 160 mm. long. Fusan.
50 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Head 2.5; depth 2.73; eye 4 in head; interorbital 5; snout 4.25; maxillary 2; width of maxillary in eye 1.4; depth of caudal peduncle in head 3.16. D. XIII, 13; A. Ill, 5; pores in lateral line 33; series of scales along lateral line about 62. Body rather short, high, and compressed; greatest depth through base of pectoral; back sloping gently behind and rather abruptly in front of this; profile almost straight from nape to snout; head nearly as deep as long; maxillary reaching well behind eye, posteriorly quite broad; suborbital narrow,, less than half as broad as maxillary, bearing two blunt processes anteriorly; preopercle with five short processes, the lowest small; upper angle of opercle with two sharp processes; lower margin with two smaller ones opposite middle of pre- opercular spine; humeral spine present, short, flat, sharp; occiput and inter- orbital scaly, almost flat, the armature moderate; preorbital and postorbital spines form a continuous ridge above eye; parietal and tympanic spines small, not elevated; nasal spines prominent.
Spinous dorsal moderately high, rounded; fourth and fifth spines longest, 1.8 in head; notch between dorsals obtuse, the membrane of first dorsal con- fluent with that of second for one-third its height; soft dorsal truncate, as high as third spine of first dorsal; last three, rays only are graduated; caudal bluntly rounded; anal short, high, truncate, its rays as long as fourth dorsal spine; second spine equal to third in length, and much stouter; ventrals inserted be- hind pectoral base, tips almost reaching anal; pectoral broad, rounded, its lower rays thickened.
Body and head, except snout, preorbital and jaws, covered with strongly ctenoid scales, those of occiput, interorbital and temporal regions abruptly smaller; soft fins scaled at base with minute, numerous scales; peritoneum white; gill-rakers 7 -\- 18, rather slender, compressed, longest about .4 diameter of eye.
Color dusky, lighter below; fins all dark, tipped with black, except the lower half of pectoral which has a broad, white margin; snout and top of head almost black.
Described from the type, 160 mm. long, taken at Fusan, Korea, by Dr. Jordan (No. 4172a).
This species is near Sebastodes schlegeli (Hilgendorf) (Plate X, fig. 1), but is readily distinguished from this by the small number of pores (33 instead of 46) in the lateral line, and by other less conspicuous characters. It is named for Professor Isao Ijima, of the Imperial University of Tokyo, to whom we are indebted for many favors.
JORDAN AND METZ : FISHES KNOWN FROM THE WATERS OF KOREA
178. Sebastodes inermis (Cuvier & Valenciennes). "Mebaru." Fusan (No. 4530a-d).
179. Sebastodes taczanowskii Steindachner. Gensan (Schmidt).
180. Sebastodes trivitattus Hilgendorf. Chinnampo (No. 4363a), Chemulpo.
51
Fig. 44. Sebastodes triviUatus Hilgeudorf. (After Jordau & Starks, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXVII,
p. 115.)
181. Sebastichthys elegans (Steindachner & Doderlein).
Fusan (No. 4546a), common: common also across the channel at Shi- monoseki.
--■'^■S^StS:
Fig. 45. Sebastichthys elegans (Steindachner). (After Jordan & Starks, Proc. U*. S. N. M., Vol. XXVII,
p. 119.)
182. Sebastichthys vulpes (Steindachner & Doderlein).
Fusan (No. 4538a).
52 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
183. Sebastichthys mitsukurii (Cramer). Fusan (No. 4499a).
184. Sebastichthys pachycephalus (Temminck & Schlegel). Fusan (No. 4516a).
185. Sebastiscus marmoratus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Fusan, common (No. 4554a-c); Tsushima (Jouy).
186. Inimicus japonicus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). "Kasago." Fusan, common (No. 4509a-c).
187. Paracentropogon rubripinnis (Temminck & Schlegel). Fusan (Jouy).
Family COTTID.E.
188. Cottus pcecilopus Heckel. Pung-tung (Herz).
189. Trachydennus fasciatus Heckel. Trachyderymis ansatus (Richardson). Chemulpo (Jouy).
Fig. 46. Trachydermus fasciatus Heckel. (After Jordan & Starks, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXVII,
p. 263.)
We think that the name fasciatus should be adopted for this species, as it is quite unlikely that Heckel's type really came from the Philippines. It lives in torrential waters in Korea and Southern Japan, and is recorded from China.
190. Gymnocanthus intermedius (Temminck & Schlegel). Fusan. One specimen.
JORDAN AND METZ : FISHES KNOWN FROM THE WATERS OF KOREA
53
This specimen deviates from the usual form of this species. The eye is 4.5 instead of 3.5 in head; the armature of the preopercle is poorly developed, the antler-like process having only two horns and not reaching the edge of the pre- opercle.
191. Furcina ishikawae Jordan & Starks. Fusan (Jouy).
Fig. 47. Furcina ishikawce Jordan & Starks. (Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXVII, p. 304.)
192. Bero elegans (Steindachner). Chemulpo.
Fig. 48. Bero elegans (Steindachner). (After Jordan & Starks, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXVII, p. 318.)
193. Pseudoblennius percoides (Richardson). Fusan (No. 4550a-b); Tsushima (Jouy).
194. Pseudoblennius marmoratus Steindachner. Tsushima (Jouy).
54 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
195. Hemitripterus villosus (Pallas).
Chinnampo (No. 4375a) ; two fine large specimens.
Family AGONID.E.
196. Tilesina gibbosa Schmidt. Broughton Bay, Korea (Schmidt).
197. Podothecus gilberti Collett.
Cape Pestschnizoff, Korea (Schmidt).
198. Podothecus thompsoni Jordan & Gilbert. Cape Pestschnizoff, Korea.
199. Anoplagonus inermis (Giinther). Cape Pestschnizoff.
Family PLATYCEPHALID^.
200. Platycephalus indicus (Gmelin). "Kochi." Chinnampo (No. 4382a), Fusan, common ("Korea" 4545a).
201. Thysanophrys crocodilus (Tilesius). Fusan (No. 4521a).
^
Fig. 49. Thysanophrys crocodilus (Tilesius). (After Jordan & Richardson, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol.
XXXIII, p. 639.)
Family BEMBRID^. 202. Parabembras curtus (Tcmminck & Schlcgel). Fusan (No. 4548a).
Family CYCLOGASTERID^. 203. Cyclogaster tanakae Gilbert & Burke. Fusan.
JORDAN AND METZ: FISHES KNOWN FROM THE WATERS OF KOREA 55
Family TRIGLID^.
204. Cheilidonichthys kumu (Lesson & Garnot). "Hobo." Fusan, common (No. 4532a).
205. Lepidotrigla guntheri Hilgendorf. Fusan (Jouy). '
206. Lepidotrigla microptera (Giinther). Port Arthur (Abbott).
The Japanese form {Lepidotrigla strauchii Steindachner) is apparently different from this Chinese species.
Family GOBIIDiE.
207. Periophthalmus cantonensis (Osbeck). Fusan, on the mud flats (No. 4245a).
208. Apocryptes chinensis Osbeck. Korea (Jouy).
This genus, usually called Boleophthalmus, is based on the original type of the genus Apocryptes of Osbeck. The name was diverted to a genus of another group by Cuvier.
209. Odontobutis obscurus (Temminck & Schlegel). (Korean name "Kuguri.") Suigen.
210. Ctenogobius bernadoui (Jordan & Starks). Korea (Jouy).
Fig. 50. Ctenogobius bernadoui (Jordan & Starks). (Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXVTII, p. 207.)
211. Ctenogobius similis Gill. (Plate X, fig. 3.) Tsushima (Jouy).
212. Ctenogobius hadropterus (Jordan & Snyder). (Korean "Sangukuguki.") Suigen; numerous small specimens which seem to be identical with this
Japanese species (No. 4116a-d).
56
MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
213. Aboma tsushimae Jordan & Fowler. Tsushima (JoujO-
Fig. 51. Aboma tsushimw Jordan & Fowler. (Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXV, p. 575.)
214. Chaenogobius macrognathus (Bleeker). Gensan (Jouy).
Fig. 52. Chwnogobius macrognathus (Bleeker). (After Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXIV,
p. 77.)
215. Chloea sarchynnis Jordan & Snyder. Gensan (Jouy).
Fig. 53. Chloea sarchynnis Jordan & Snyder. (Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXIV, p. 83.)
216. Pterogobius elapoides (Giinther).
Korea (Jouy).
Pterogobius daimio Jordan & Snyder seems to be the southern representative of this handsome species.
JORDAN AND METZ : FISHES KNOWN FROM THE WATERS OF KOREA
57
Fig. 54. Plerogobius elapoides (Gunther). (After Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXIV, p. 92.)
217. Chasmichthys gulosus (Sauvage). (Plate X, fig. 2). Chasmias tnisakius Jordan & Snyder.
Fusan; Gensan (Jouy).
218. Chasmichthys dolichognathus (Hilgendorf ) . Korea (Jouy).
Fig. 55. Chasmichthys dolichognathus (Hilgendorf). (After Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol.
XXIV, p. 85.)
219. Acanthogobius flavimanus (Temminck & Schlegel). "Haze." Fusan (No. 4534a-e); excessively abundant; Tsushima (Jouy).
220. Acanthogobius hasta (Temminck & Schlegel). Chemulpo (Jouy).
221. Acanthogobius stigmathonus (Richardson). Fusan (Jouy).
222. Chaeturichthys stigmatius (Richardson). Tsushima (Jouy).
223. Tridentiger obscurus (Temminck & Schlegel). Gensan; Chemulpo (Jouy).
58
MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
224. Tridentiger bifasciatus Steindachner. Gensan; Fusan (JoujO-
Fio. 56. Tridentiger bifasciatus Steindachner. (After Jordan & Suydcr, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXIV,
p. lis.)
225. Ranulina fimbriidens Jordan & Starks. Port Arthur (Abbott).
Fig. 57. Ranulina fimbriidens Jordan & Starks. (Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXXI, p. 523.)
226. Taenioides abbotti Jordan & Starks. Port Arthur (Abbott).
—'^^^m
Fig. 58. Twnioides abbotti Jordan & Starks. (Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXXI, p. 524.)
Family CALLIONYMID^.
227. Callionymus valenciennesi (Temminck & Schlcgel). Market of Fusan.
JORDAN AND METZ: FISHES KNOWN FROM THE WATERS OF KOREA 59
.*i>W^ V^
Fig. 59. Callionymus valenciennesi Schlegel. (After Jordan & Fowler, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXV,
p. 951.)
Family PLEURONECTID^.
228. Paralichthys coreanicus Schmidt. "Hirame." Fusan (No. 4480a), Port Arthur, Gensan (Schmidt).
229. Paralichthys percocephalus (Basilewsky).
Off Peking.
This seems to be the same as Paralichthys swinhonis Glinther, from Chifu.
We have not seen it.
230. Verasper variegatus (Temminck & Schlegel). "Hoshikarei." Fusan (No. 4533a-d), Port Arthur.
231. Verasper moseri Jordan & Gilbert. Chinnampo (No. 4229a).
^
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»,
/ I
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Fig. 60. Yerasver moseri Jordan & Gilbert. (After Jordan & Starks, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXXI,
p. 186.)
60
MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
This specimen has the rather high arch of the lateral Hne of Verasper moseri, but the large spots on dorsal and anal approach Verasper variegatus. It may be that the two intergrade, Verasper moseri being the northern form.
232. Protopsetta herzensteini (Schmidt). Port Arthur (Abbott).
233. Platichthys stellatus (Pallas). Gensan (Jouy).
Fig. 61. Platichthys stellatus (Pallas). (After Jordan & Starks, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXXI, p. 219.)
234. Kareius bicoloratus (Basilewsky). {Pleuronedes scutifer Steindachner.)
Gensan (Jouy) ; Gulf of Pechili (Basilewsky) ; Port Arthur.
235. Pleuronichthys cornutus Temminck & Schlegel. "Meitakarei." Fusan (No. 4506a-b).
236. Liopsetta obscura (Herzenstein). Chemulpo (Schmidt); Gensan.
237. Lepidopsetta bilineata (Ayres). Gensan.
238. Limanda yokahamee Giinther. Fusan, Port Arthur ("Korea" 4517a).
Family SOLEID^.
239. Zebrias fasciatus (Basilewsky). (Plate IX, fig. 2.)
Solea fasdata Basilewsky, I chthy agraphia Chinoi Borealis, p. 261. Shan- Dun. Fusan (Basilewsky).
JORDAN AND METZ: FISHES KNOWN FROM THE WATERS OF KOREA 61
■••nm>n>'"
Fig. 62. Lepidopselta bilineata (Ayres). (After Jordan & Starks, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXXI, p. 202.)
The following description is from two specimens (No. 4514), the larger 29 cm. in length, taken by Dr. Jordan in the market at Fusan, where the species is common:
Eyes and color on the right side; D. 83; A. 74; caudal 16; scales from above gill-opening to base of caudal 118, above lateral line 35, below 42, series across head between upper edge of gill-opening and upper eye 28, between gill- opening and lower eye 24. Body long, ovate-lanceolate; seventeen dark cross bars on eyed side behind head, all but the first arranged in pairs; head with six cross bands, also in pairs; eye small, 6-7 in head, nearly twice interorbital space. Measurements in hundredths of total length: Head 15; depth 39; snout 4; lower eye to gill opening 9.7. Mouth small, cleft to anterior third of lower eye, which is almost in contact with it; upper eye sHghtly in advance of lower; no rostral hook; scales all roughly ctenoid, those of anterior part of blind side provided with fleshy flaps, or papillse; fins scaled nearly to tips.
Ground-color pale, broken on eyed side with dark cross-bands as mentioned above; dorsal and anal with continuations of markings of body on eyed side, margined with black.
The cross-bands of this species are typically arranged in pairs, of which there are 12 between snout and caudal. Some of them, however, may be so joined as to make a pair look like a single band, especially near the pectoral fin.
The larger number of fin-rays and scales distinguish this species from any other of the genus. In appearance it is not distinguishable from Zebrias zebrinus of Southern Japan and China. The two are clearly "geminate species," the northern form being Zebrias fasciatus, with an increased number of fin-rays.
62 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
240. Areliscus hoUandi sp. nov. (Plate IX, fig. 3.) "Ushinoshita." Type No. 4369, 365 mm. Fusan, Korea.
Eyes and color on left side; three lateral lines on the eyed side, one on the blind; no fringe on Hps; gill-rakers obsolete; D. 128; A. 100; caudal 8 to 10; scales in lateral line from above gill-opening to base of caudal 112; scales above middle of upper lateral line 7; between upper and median lines 18-19, between median and lower 19-20, below lower line 7-8; series between lower eye and gill-opening 21-22.
Body very long, slender, lanceolate; mouth small; no rostral hook (in our specimen); maxillary extending beyond lower eye; villiform teeth on blind side of jaws; eye small, 12 in head, equal to interorbital space; nostrils two, one between eyes, the other near mouth before lower eye; scales of both sides strongly ctenoid, except on the upper part of head on blind side, where they are embedded; fins not scaled.
Measurements in hundredths of body length: Head 18; depth 26; snout from upper eye 6.5; lower eye to gill-opening 10.
Color white on blind side, dull olive-brown on eyed side; no markings; fins similar to body color; posteriorly dark on eyed side.
Described from the type 365 mm. long, taken at Fusan, Korea, by Dr. Jordan. It is named for Dr. William J. Holland. It is No. 4369a in the Catalog of the Carnegie Museum.
The accompanying figure is not absolutely accurate in respect to dorsal and anal fin-rays, which are correctly counted above.
241. Areliscus abbreviatus (Gray). "Shitabarame."
Description of a specimen 360 mm. long from Fusan, Korea. (No. 4358a.) Color on left side; D. 114; A. 90; caudal 10; scales from above gill-opening to caudal 118; above middle of upper lateral line 9 or 10; between upper and middle lines 22; between median and lower line 20; below lower line 9 or 10; about 24 series of scales between lower eye and upper part of gill-opening. Body very long, lanceolate; posterior two-thirds tapering gradually; lateral lines three on eyed side; fins not scaled; mouth small, rostral hook well devel- oped, ending in advance of lower eye; eyes small, 13 in head, equal to inter- orbital, upper slightly in advance of lower; nostrils prominent, one between eyes, the other near cleft of mouth in front of lower eye; maxillary extending beyond lower eye; no fringe or cirrhi on lips. Measurements in hundredths of body length: Head 23; depth 27; snout from upper eye 8; lower eye to gill- opening 12. Scales of eyed side roughly ctenoid, those of blind side cycloid or
JORDAN AND METZ: FISHES KNOWN FROM THE WATERS OF KOREA 63
very slightly ctenoid, small, entirely embedded in skin on upper part of head, somewhat imbedded on rest of blind side.
Color white on blind side, uniform dull olive-brown on eyed side; no markings.
This species may be readily distinguished from Areliscus semilcevis by the smaller number of scales, and from A. jyurpureomaculatus by the smaller number of fin-rays. The species called Achirus plagusia by Basilewsky {Ichthyographia Chinee Borealis, p. 245), from the Gulf of Pechili, is some Areliscus or Cyno- glossus, but the species cannot be determined.
242. Areliscus rhomaleus Jordan & Starks. Port Arthur (Abbott).
AS *'-"*^w:v'^NCi^-iS^ii.-iS^:*^"-'*''""^'" "
Fig. 63. Areliscus rhomaleus Jordan & Starks. (Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXI, p. 526.)
Family BLENNIID^.
243. Zoarchias aculeatus (Basilewsky).
Ophidium aculeatum Basilewsky, Ichthyographia Chinee Borealis, p. 248. Sea off Peking.
The name Ophidium aculeatum is applied by Basilewsky to some blennoid fish without ventrals, with concealed scales, with 32 stiff, short, dorsal spines, with the dorsal and anal united around the tail, the mouth large, without bar- bels, and cleft to the eyes. The body is gray with black spots and points, the lateral hne straight, spotted; length of fish 8 inches. This species must be one of the Eulophiine blennies and near the genus Zoarchias. Zoarchias veneficus has 28 dorsal spines.
244. Dictyosoma temmincki Bleeker. Tsushima (Jouy).
245. Enedrias nebulosus (Temminck & Schlegel). (Native name "Ginbo.")
Tsushima (Jouy); Fusan, common (No. 4244a); Gensan.
64
MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
^.-■•■■a
Fig. 64. Enedrias nebulosus (Schlegel). (After Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXV, p. 469.)
246. Pholis taczanowskii (Steindachner). Gensan, Fusan (Jouy).
247. Dinogunnellus grigorjewi (Herzenstein). Chinnampo, a fine specimen, No. 4379a.
Fig. 6.5. Dinogunnellus grigorjewi (Herzenstein). (After Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol.
XXV, p. 497.)
Family LYCODID^. 248. Enchelyopus gilli (Jordan & Starks). Fusan (Jouy).
Fig. 66. Enchelyopus gilli (Jordan & Starks). (Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXVIII, p. 212.)
Family GADID^.
249. PoUachius brandti (Hilgendorf). (Native name "Suketo-dara.")
Fusan (No. 4367a), one specimen filled with eggs. A soft-bodied fish, apparently from deep water. Head 4 in length; depth 6.5; eye 4 in head; snout 3.33; D. 12, 14, 19; A. 19, 19.
250. Eleginus navaga (Koelreuter) .
Chemulpo (Schmidt); Chinnampo (No. 4200a and 4188a-b).
JORDAN AND METZ: FISHES KNOWN PROM THE WATERS OF KOREA
251. Gadus macrocephalus Tilesius.
Chinnampo (No. 4378a); Port Arthur (Abbott).
65
Family LOPHIIDiE. 253. Lophius litulon (Jordan & Sindo). Seen in the Fusan Museum.
Fig. 67. Lophius litulon (Jordan & Sindo). (Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXIV, p. 365.)
254. Lophiomus setigerus (Vahl). Seen in the Fusan Museum.
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Memoirs Carnegie Museum, Vol. VI,
Plate II.
Fig. 1. Acanthorhodeus asmussi Berg. 5.5 in. C. M. Cat. No. 4571.
Fig. 2. ff/iof/t'Ms c/io.senia(.s Jordan & Metz. (Type.) 2 in. C. M. Cat. No. 4567.
Fig. 3. Pseudoperilampus hondce Jordan & Metz. (Type.) 2 in. C. M. Cat. No. 4566.
Memoirs Carnegie Museum, Vol. VI.
Plate III.
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Plate IX.
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Fig. 1. Sebastodes ijiincv Jordan & Metz. (Type.) 6.25 in. C. M. Cat. No. 4172. Fig. 2. Zebrias fasciatus (Basilewsky). 7.8 in. C. M. Cat. No. 4574. Fig. 3. Areliscus hoUandi Jordan & Metz. 14.75 in. C. M. Cat. No. 4369.
Memoirs Carnegie Museum, Vol, VI.
Plate X.
Fig. 1. Sebastudes schlegeli (Hilgendorfj. After Jordan & Starks, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. XXVII, PL II. Fig. 2. Chamiichthys gulosus (Sauvage). After Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U. S. N. M., VoL XXIII, PL XXXVI. Fig. 3. Ctenogobms similis (Gill). After Jordan & Snyder, Proc U. S. N. M., Vol. XXIII, PL XXXV.
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9.
■•o. 11.
12. 13. 14.
15. 16.
17.
i8. 10.
20.
22.
23. 24.
26.
The Crayfish of Allegheny County, Pa. 67 E. B. WiLLL^MSuK. 6 pp. {Very scarce.)
A FreUniuiary list of the Vascular Flora of Alle- gheny County, Pa. By J. A. Shafeb. Pp. 114. {Out of Print.)
Some New and Little Known Fossil Vertebrates. By J. B. Hatcher. Pp. 17, 4 Plates. (Fery scarce.)
The Reptiles of Allegheny County, Pa. By D. A.Atkinson. Pp. 13. (Very scarce.)
Osteology of the Herodiones. By K. W. Shu- FELDT. Pp. 92, 2 Plates. (Out of print.)
Dentition of Titanotherium. By J. B. Hatchee. Pp. 7, 2 Plates. (Out of Print.)
Sabal Bigida; a New Species of Palm from the Laramie. By J. B. Hatches. Pp. 2. (Out of print.)
Supplement to Dr. John Hamilton's List of the Coleoptera of Southwestern Pennsylvania. By Henry G. Klaoes. Pp. 30. (Out of print.)
Osteology of the Flamingoes. By R. W. Shtj- feldt. Pp. 30, 6 Plates. (Very scarce.)....
Description of a New Species of Baena (B. Hatcheri) from the Laramie Beds of Wyo- ming. By O. P. Hay. Pp. 2, 1 Plate. (Out of print.)
The Jurassic Dinosaur Deposits near Canyon
City, Colorado. By J. B. Hatchee. Pp. 15.
(Out of print.) A Mounted Skeleton of Titanotherium dlspar
Marsh. By J. B. Hatcher. Pp. 9, 3 Plates. . . Structure of the Fore Limbs and Manus of Bron-
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Ashe. Pp. 12
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Pp. 23, 4 Plates. (Scarce.)
An Annotated Catalogue of Shells of the Genus
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to the Carnegie Museum. By H. H. Smith.
Pp. 64
Two New Species of Bahaman Lepidoptera. By
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Elosanrus Parvus; a New Species of the Sanro- poda. By O. A. Peterson and C. W. Gilmobe. Pp. 10
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Discovery of the Bemains of Astrodon (Pleuro- coelus) in the Atlantosaurus Beds of Wy- oming. By J. B. Hatchee. Pp. 6. (Out of print.)
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54.
55. 56.
57.
Osteology of the Limicolse. By E. W. Shufeldt.
Hp. 5(5, 1 Plate
New Vertebrates from the Montana Tertiary.
By Earl Douglass. Pp. 64, 1 Plate
Description of a New Genus and Species of Tor- toise from the Jurassic of Colorado. By 0. P.
Hay. Pp. 4, 1 Plate
Osteology of Oxydactylus. By O. A. Peterson.
Pp. 42, 12 Plates
Birds of Erie and Presque Isle. By W. E. C.
Todd. Pp. 115, 3 Plates and Map
In Memoriam. J. B. Hatcher. By W. J. Hol- land. Pp. 8, 1 Plate
The Tropidoleptus Fauna at Canandaigua Lake,
N. Y., with the Ontogeny of Twenty Species.
By Percy E. Kaymond. Pp. 98, 8 Plates.
(Out of print.) On Two Species of Turtles from the Judith
Kiver Beds of Montana. By O. P. Hay. Pp.
5, 1 Plate. (Out of print.) A Preliminary List of the Hemlptera of Western
Pennsylvania.. By P. Modestus Wirtnkb.
Pp. 49. (Scarce.)
The Trilobites of the Chazy Limestone. By
Percy E. Eaymond. Pp. 58, 5 Plates.
(Scarce.)
The Crawfishes of Western Pennsylvania.. By
A. E. Ortmann. Pp. 81. (Scarce.)
Notes on the Geology of Southwestern Montana.
By Earl Douglass. Pp. 21, 1 Plate
A New Crocodile from the Jurassic of Wyoming.
By W. J. Holland. Pp. 4, 1 Plate
Procambarus, a New Subgenus of the Genus
Cambarus. By A. E. Ortmann. Pp.8
Presentation of Beproduction of Diplodocus Car-
negei to the Trustees of the British Museum.
By W. J. Holland. Pp. 10, 2 Plates
liist of the Birds Collected near Mombasa, East
Africa, by William Doherty. By W. J. Hol- land. Pp. 11
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Description of New Species of Turtles of the Genus Testudo, collected from the Miocene by the Carnegie Museum; together with a De- scription of the Skull of Stylemys Nebrascen- sis. By Olivee P. Hay. Pp. 6, 8 Plates
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Douglass. Pp. 11, 4 Plates 30
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Pp. 8 20
68. Description of the Type Specimen of Stenomylus
gracilis Peterson. By O. A. Peterson. Pp. 14. .25
69. Brief Description of Some New Species of Birds
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em Pennsylvania Collected in the Vicinity of Pittsburgh. By Henry Engel. Pp.110 1.25
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Pp. 33 60
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Pp. 78, 7 Plates 1.00
Cabin (now West Liberty, W. Va.), &c.
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By Douglas Stewart. Pp. 30, 6 Plates 45
80. Dromomeryx, a New Genus of American Rumi-
nants. By Earl Douglas. Pp. 23, 5 plates. .30
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vonian and Mississippian near Meadville,
Pennsylvania. By Wm. Millard. Pp. 8 10
8;. A New Species of Helodus. By Charles E.
Eastman. Pp. 2 05
83. In Memorlam. Charles Chaimcey Mellor. By W.
J. Holland. Pp. 12, 1 Plate 15
84. Reports of Expedition to British Guiana of the
Indiana University and the Carnegie Museum, 1908. Report No. 1. By Carl H. Eigenmann. Pp. r,-i 50
85. Reports of Expedition to British Guiana of the
Indiana University and the Carnegie Museum, 1908. Report No. 2. By Marion L. Durbin. Pp. 18 25
86.
87.
89.
90.
91. 92.
93.
94.
95. 96.
97. 98.
99.
100. 101. 102.
103.
104. 105.
106. 107.
108.
109. 110.
Contributions to a Knowledge of Odonata of the Neotropical Region, Exclusive of Mexico and Central America. By P. P. Calvert. Pp. 207, 9 Plates 2.25
Deinosuchus hatcheri, a New Genus and Species of Crocodile from the Judith River Beds of Montana; By W. J. Holland. Pp. 14 20
Reports on Expedition to British Guiana of the Indiana University and the Carnegie Museum, Report No. 3. By C. B. Blossee. Pp. 6, 3 Plates.
Preliminary Description of Some New Titanothe- res from the Uinta Deposits. By Earl Doug- las. Pp. 10, 3 Plates 25
An Annotated List of the Birds of Costa Rica Including Cocos Island. By M. A. Carrikee, Jr. Pp. 601, 1 Plate 3.00
The Geology of the Coast of the State of Alagoas,
Brazil. By J. C. Branner. Pp. 18, 3 Plates .40
Description cf a Collection of Fossil Fishes from the iiituminous Shales at Riacho Doce, State of Alagoas, Brazil. By David Stake Jordan. Pp. 12, 9 Plates 55
Notes on Ordovician Trilobites, No. II. Asaph- idse from the 3tekmantown. By Peecy E. Raymond. Pp. 10, 1 Plate 35
Notes on Ordovician Trilobites, No. III. By Percy E. Raymond and J. E. Naeraway. Pp. 14, 2 Plates 35
Notes on Ordovician Trilobites, No. IV. By
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Notes on a Collection of Fishes Made by James Francis Abbott at Irkutsk, Siberia. By David Starr Jordan and William Francis Thomp- son. Pp. 8, 4 Plates 30
South American Tetrigidse. By Lawrence Bruner. Pp. 55 1.00
Preliminary List of the Fauna of the Allegheny and Conemaugh Series in Western Pennsyl- vania. By Percy E. Raymond. Pp. 15, 5 plates 30
Results of an Ichthyologies! Survey About the San Juan Islands, Washington. By Edwin Chapin Stares. Pp. 52, 3 plates 75
, Descriptions of a New Species of Pygidlum. By Carl H. Eigenmann. P. 1, 1 plate 10
, The Erachiopoda and Ostracoda of the Chazy.
By Percy E. Raymond. Pp. 45, 4 plates ... .50 A New Camel from the Miocene of Western Nebraska. By O. A. Peterson. . . Pp. 7, 4 plates 15
, A Mounted Skeleton of Stenomylus hitcUcocki, the Stenomylus Quarry, and Remarks Upon the Affinities of the Genus. By O. A. Peter- son. Pp. 7, 4 plates 15
, A Mounted Skeleton of Diceratherium cooki,
Peterson, By O. A, Peterson. Pp. 6, 1 plate .15
, The Carnegie Museum Expedition to Central South America, 1907-1910. By W. J. Hol- land, Director. Pp. 4 15
A Brief Report Upon the Expedition of the Carnegie Museum to Central South America, By John D. Haseman. Pp. 13 and Localities at Which John D. Haseman Made Collections.
By C'AEL H. Eigenmann. Pp. 16 25
Descriptions of Some New Species of Fishes and Miscellaneous Notes on Others Obtained Dur- ing Expedition of Carnegie Museum to Central South America, Ey John D, Haseman, Pp,
13, 7 plates 50
An Annotated Catalog of the Cichlid Fishes Collected by the Expedition of Carnegie Mu- seum to Central South America, 1907-1910, By
John D, Haseman, Pp. 45, 20 plates 1,25
Some New Species of Fishes from the Rio Iguassu, By John D. Haseman, Pp, 14, 13
plates 65
A Contribution to the Ornithology of the Ba- hama Islands, By W. E, Clyde Todd and W. W. Wobthington! Pp. 77, 1 plate 75
^,A\^
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THE LANTERN-FISHES OF JAPAN.
By Charles H. Gilbert, Professor of Zoology, Stanford University.
(Plates XI-XIV.)
As the eastern coasts of Japan are swept by the Kurosiwo, the northern branch of the equatorial current, it should be expected that the Mydophidce, or Lantern-fishes, in common with other strictly pelagic organisms, would be present in large numbers. But up to the present only three species^ have been reported from this region, and these based on the well-known collections made by Mr. Alan Owston of Yokohama in Sagami Bay. Further rich collections by Mr. Owston have been recently secured for the Carnegie Museum by Dr. David Starr Jordan, and the Myctophids of this collection have been very kindly placed in the hands of the writer for study. There also have been available in this connection the extensive collections of Lantern-fishes made by the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries Steamer "Albatross" in Japanese waters in 1906. An account of the latter is here included by permission of the Commissioner of Fisheries.
Thirty species are here recorded, and, as these do not include Macrostoma japonicum of the previous list, the total now known from the waters of Japan is thirty-one. Twelve of these belong to the genera Dasyscopelus, Mydophum, and Centrobranchus, and constitute a group, which are usually light in color,
* Neoscopeliis dlcocki, Diaphus watasei, Macrostoma quercinum japonicum.
67
68 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
with much silvery pigment on the sides, and are taken at the surface, or at least not far below. Two of these species are here described as new, so nothing is known of their distribution in other waters. But it is worthy of note that the remaining members of the surface-group are well-known forms of wide dis- tribution, two of them having been reported from the eastern Pacific as well as from Japan, the remainder having been recorded from all three of the great oceans.
A second group comprises the genera Diaphus and Lampanydus (including Macrostoma). These are deeper pelagic forms, dark in color, with steelj'^ re- flections, and are taken in intermediate nets, or enter the open dredge at intermediate depths. They seem to be more restricted in their range than the species which live nearer the surface, none of the Japanese forms being known to be cosmopolitan. Of the seventeen species here recorded from this group ten are described as new and hence are of unknown distribution; four are known also from the eastern Pacific;- two are known from the western Pacific' and the Indian Ocean, and one, Lampanydus niger, while reported by Brauer from the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, is represented in collections by very few specimens, and has not been the subject of critical study.
All the species here recorded belong to tropical seas, with the exception of Lampanydus nannochir and Lampanydus jordani. L. nannochir, which was taken by the "Albatross" in the southern Okhotsk, is peculiar to the north Pacific, extending from Bering Sea to northern Japan and to southern Cali- fornia; L. jordani has been secured on two separate occasions off the coast of Hokkaido, and is not known elsewhere. The tropical species were abundant off the southern coasts of Kiusiu and as far north as Sagami Bay. Apparently they thin out rapidly north of Tokyo, as only a few individuals were en- countered off Matsushima Bay. None were found in the Sea of Japan, even in the vicinity of the Straits of Tsushima, although numerous hauls with surface and intermediate nets were made.
List op Japanese Species of the Family MYCTOPHID^. Neoscopelus macrolepidotus Johnson. Dasyscopelus orientalis sp. no v. spinosus (Steindachner) . asper (Richardson).
^ Diaphus agassizi, Diaphus nanus, Lampanydus townsendi, Lampanydus nannochir. ' Diaphus coeruleus, Lampanydus macropterus.
gilbert: the lantern -fishes of japan 69
Myctophum affine (Liitken).
laternatum Garman.
evermanni Gilbert.
californiense Eigenmann & Eigenmann.
reinhardti (Liitken).
pterotum (Alcock).
suborbitale sp. nov.
valdivise Brauer. Centrobranchus choerocephalus Fowler. Diaphus agassizi Gilbert.
nipponensis sp. nov.
nanus Gilbert.
tanakce sp. nov.
glandulifer sp. nov.
anterorbitalis sp. nov.
gigas sp. nov.
coeruleus (Klunziger).
latus sp. nov.
sagamiensis sp. nov. Lampanyctus townsendi Eigenmann & Eigenmann.
japonicus (Tanaka).
nannochir (Gilbert).
niger (Giinther).
microchir sp. nov.
pundaiissimus sp. nov.
jordani sp. nov.
macropterus (Brauer).
Genus Neoscopelus Johnson. 1. Neoscopelus macrolepidotus Johnson.
Neoscopelus macrolepidotus Johnson, Proc, Zool. Soc. Lond., 1863, p. 44, PI.
VII (Madeira). Neoscopelus alcocki Jordan & Starks, Bull. U. S. Fish Com. for 1902 [1904], p. 580,
PI. 2, figs. 1 and 2 (Suruga Bay, Japan).
Several specimens were secured from Sagami Bay, and direct comparison of N. alcocki with Atlantic specimens (Albatross Station 2376, Gulf of Mexico) has
70 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
shown that the characters supposed to distinguish the Japanese species are fallacious. In Atlantic specimens also, as well as in those from Japan, the outer abdominal series of photophores ceases at about the vertical of the vent, while the second series continues along the base of the anal fin. Opposite the vent, the spots of the continuous series are very much reduced in size. They then rapidly increase opposite the anterior portion of the anal to diminish again at. once, becoming very small opposite the posterior half of the anal fin. They are large again on the basal portion of the caudal peduncle, and minute on its terminal portion. These oscillations in size are exactly followed in Pacific material from Japan and the Hawaiian Islands. Atlantic specimens have also the curved series of small photophores around the vent. Careful comparison has failed to exhibit any differences.
Genus Dasyscopelus Gtinther.
Key to Japanese Species of Dasyscopelus.
a. Anal photophores 7 or S in the anterior group, 2 or 4 in the posterior, 7+3 the prevaiUng number. Supra-anals straight or very slightly angulated. No band of long spines along base of anal fin.
D. orientalis. aa. Anal photophores 6 to 8 in the anterior group, 5 to 8 in the posterior, 7 + 6 or 7 + 7 the prevailing numbers. 6. Supra-anals in a straight oblique line. Adults wth the scales along the base of anal developing
a specialized band of long spines D. spinosus.
bb. Supra-anals distinctly angulated. No band of spines along base of anal D. asper.
2. Dasyscopelus orientalis sp. nov. (Plate XI, fig. 1.)
Type 67 mm. long to base of caudal, from Misaki, Sagami Bay; Alan Owston, collector. (C. M. No. 6313.)
Closely allied to D. pristilepis Gilbert & Cramer, differing in the deeper body, smaller eye, more spinous scales, and in the reduction by one in the number of anal photophores. In the arrangement of the photophores, the two species wholly agree with each other, and also with D. spinosus and D. opalinus, but the species are well distinguished by the character of the scales, number of photophores, and by other details.
Measurements in hundredths of length without caudal: Length of head 28; diameter of eye 10; length of snout 5; length of longest gill-raker 5.5; interor- bital width 7; length of maxillary 18; greatest depth 26; depth of caudal peduncle 9; distance from tip of snout to front of dorsal 43; to front of adipose fin 76; to base of ventrals 42; to front of anal 59; length of anal base 28; length of pectorals 26.
gilbert: the lantern-fishes of japan 71
Dorsal rays 13; anal raj^s 18; ventrals with outer rudiment and 8 devel- oped rays; pectoral rays 16. Scales of lateral line 36.
Eye large, though smaller than in D. pristilepis, its upper margin but little below the profile, the rounded snout protruding beyond the orbit for a distance equal to half the diameter of the eye. Teeth minute, in narrow bands on jaws, in two small round patches on head of vomer, the narrow band on palatines separated from vomer by a very short interspace. Cleft of mouth obhque; maxillary decidedly broadened at tip, extending but slightly beyond vertical from hinder margin of eye. Preopercular border nearly vertical, the cheeks not obliquely lengthened. Gill-rakers long and slender, the longest half the diameter of the eye, 4 + 15 in number (counted in one of the cotypes). Pec- torals long and slender, usually reaching the vertical from the vent and extend- ing to or slightly beyond the middle supra-anal photophore. Scales firm, all sharply spinous, including those of the lateral line and those on breast and belly. The spines are everywhere approximately equal, not greatly lengthened along the base of the anal fin as in D. spinosus. In D. pristilepis, the scales are thinner and less extensively spinous, the scales of the lateral line have few spines, or none, and those on breast and belly are smooth. In D. orientalis, the scales of the lateral line are moderately enlarged, their vertical diameter equaling their dis- tance from the base of the dorsal fin.
Photophores. — A very faint pre-orbital immediately above nostril, and one better marked under the lower anterior border of the eye. Suprapectoral separated from lateral line by twice its distance from base of upper pectoral ray. Infrapectorals in line with first ventral, their interspace less than that separating the upper one from the suprapectoral. First pair of thoracics nearest the median line, the third and fourth pairs equidistant from it, the fifth pair widely divergent, inserted immediately in front of the outer ventral rays. Interval between the third and fourth pairs the shortest, that between fourth and fifth but Uttle longer, the second interval a little shorter than the first. Supra- ventral vertically above the first ventral, very slightly nearer base of ventral fin than lateral line. First pair of ventrals nearly in contact, the others a httle more elevated, shghtly converging from the second to the fourth, which are at the sides of the vent and a little anterior to it; first ventral interval a httle longer than the second, the third the shortest. Upper supra-anal immediately below but not in contact with the lateral Une, on its seventeenth or eighteenth scale, in a vertical Une which traverses the base of the second or third anal ray; upper and middle supra-anals in a line passing through fourth ventral, the lower
72 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
supra-anal slightly in advance of this line. Different individuals among the cotypes vary with respect to the relation of the supra-anals, some having them in a straight line, others having them very slightly angulated, as in the type. Antero-anals a little curved, the first slightly nearer base of fin. Anals 7 + 3 in the type, and this is the prevailing number in this species. The antero-anals may be seven or eight, the posterior group two, three, or four. On one side of one specimen only six antero-anals were found. One hundred and twenty-six specimens were examined, the two sides being listed separately. In these 6 + 4 occurred once, 7 + 2 in five cases, 7 + 3 in one hundred and eighty-nine cases, 7 + 4 in seventeen, 8 + 2 in sixteen, 8 + 3 in twenty-four cases. Taking the two groups separately, in the anterior 6 occurred once, 7 two hundred and eleven times, 8 occurred forty times; in the posterior group, 2 occurred twenty- one times, 3 two hundred and thirteen times, and 4 eighteen times. The total number in both groups varies from 9 to 11. One hundred and seventeen of the one hundred and twenty-six specimens were bilaterally symmetrical with regard to their photophores. The first pair of the postero-anals is above the last anal rays. Posterolateral immediately below lateral line, but not in contact with it, sHghtly behind vertical from last antero-anal. Precaudals two, in an oblique line, the interspace very little, if at all, greater than that between the postero- anals. No luminous areas on back, or on inferior surface of caudal peduncle, in any of the numerous adults of the collection.
Color in spirits uniform dusky brownish on upper parts and on sides of body, profusely dotted with fine black specks. Abdomen and lower side of head silvery. A lengthwise black streak on upper part of pectoral, beginning near base and widening backwards for about the basal third of the length of the fin.
This is evidently one of the most abundant species in Japanese waters. Numerous adults were obtained from Misaki, on Sagami Bay (C. M. Nos. 4614, 4615, 4616) and many immature examples were taken by the "Albatross" at the following Stations:
4921. West of Colnett Straits. Surface.
4954. Kurosiwo, east of Kagoshima. Intermediate net, 850 fathoms.
4955. Kurosiwo, east of Kagoshima. Surface.
At Station 4954, the specimens probably entered the net at or near the surface.
The type is deposited in the U. S. National Museum,
gilbekt: the lantern-fishes of japan 73
3. Dasyscopelus spinosus (Steindachner). Scopelus spinosus Steindachner, Ichth. Notiz. V, 1867, p. 11, PL III, fig. 4
(China).
A few specimens were secured by the "Albatross" at the surface at Station 4921, south of Kagoshima (30° 23' 30" N., 129° 36' 30" E.). They are some- what slenderer than Hawaiian specimens, and have the line of the supra- anals noticeably more oblique, the anterior of the series being above the inter- space between third and fourth ventrals, instead of vertically above the fourth ventral as in Hawaiian material. At a Station in the South Pacific (16° 39' S., 149° 11' W.), the "Albatross" secured in 1899 nine specimens, of which five are of the slender type with oblique supra-anals, and four of the deeper form with steep line of supra-anals. There is no transition between the two, and although the differences are of small magnitude, they merit attention and should be noted in future collections from the Pacific.
The number of anal photophores in the five Japanese specimens ranges as follows: 6 + 6 (1), 6 4- 7 (2), 7 + 5 (3), 7 -f 6 (4), the two sides of each specimen being listed separately. The sum of the two groups is either 12 or 13, while in Hawaiian material it ranges from 13 to 15, with 14 prevailing (Gilbert, Bull. U. S. Fish Com. for 1903 [1905], Part 2, p. 559). This smaller number in the slender form may account for the smaller average number reported in South Sea material as compared with that from Hawaii (Gilbert, Mem. Mus. Comp, Zool., XXVI, 1908, p. 220). In the five slender specimens from the South Pacific above referred to, the anal photophores are 7 + 6 on both sides of each; in the four deep specimens from the same locality, the following numbers occur: 6 -f 7 (2), 6 + 8 (1), 7 + 5 (2), 7 + 6 (2), 7 + 7 (1).
4. Dasyscopelus asper (Richardson). Myctophum asperum Richardson, Voy. Erebus and Terror, 1845, p. 41, PL
XXVII, figs. 13 to 15; habitat unknown.
In addition to the characters which have been mentioned as distinguishing this species from the nearly related D. spinosus, may be given the slenderer form, the decidedly wider, blunter head, the fewer gill-rakers, and the absence of the clusters of long spines, which in D. spinosus are attached to the scales covering the ventral series of photophores. Comparing a Japanese specimen of D. asper, 78 mm. long to base of caudal, with one of D. spinosus, 92 mm. long to base of caudal, we have the following measurements in hundredths of length as above indicated:
74 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
asper spinosus
Length of head 27 27.5
Diameter of eye 10 11
Width of snout at nostrils 8 6
Length of maxillary 15 17
Greatest depth of body 24 27
Dorsal rays 12 14
Anal rays 18 19
Pectoral rays 16 15
Scales in lateral line 39 39
In D. asper, the head is but Uttle narrowed anteriorly, the upper orbital margins are nearly parallel, and the snout is high and bluntly rounded, pro- truding a trifle on the level of the nostrils. In D. spinosus the head narrows rapidly forward, the orbital naargins strongly converge, the snout is not bluntly rounded and protrudes farthest at the premaxillaries.
In D. asper, the gill-rakers are somewhat shorter and heavier, 5 + 10 or 5 + 11 in number; in D. spinosus 7 + 16.
In D. spinosus, each scale covering a photophore of the ventral series develops long slender spines many times larger than those on neighboring scales. These are specially developed along the base of the anal fin, where the spines overlap and form a dense band. No such enlarged spines are present in D. asper.
Brauer finds the eye smaller than heretofore given for D. asper, but in adults it is but little less than two-fifths the length of the head, and is pro- gressively smaller in the young.
Photophores. — The superior preorbital is usually concealed, but the inferior is conspicuous. The suprapectoral is higher than in D. spinosus, constantly nearer the lateral line than the base of the pectoral. From the first to the fourth, the thoracics form two evenly diverging lines, the fifth far out at the sides, opposite the outer ventral ray; the spacing of the pairs is nearly equal, the interval between third and fourth pairs shortest. Supraventral midway between lateral line and base of ventral (not nearer lateral line as in Brauer's figure). First pair of ventrals fully exposed, the two covered by a single much enlarged scale of the median series, in addition to the small special scales thus wholly overlapped; second pair somewhat farther out at the sides, forming with the third and fourth two lines gently converging backwards; the four pairs are equally spaced. Supra-anals in a very blunt angle, the anterior obliquely in front of and below the second. The upper is immediately below the lateral
gilbert: the lantern-fishes of japan 75
line just in advance of vertical from third ventral, the second behind that from fourth ventral. The antero-anals are slightly curved, the anterior spot a little nearer the base of the anal fin. Posterolateral close under the lateral line, vertically over the last antero-anal. Only the first postero-anal over the last anal rays. In thirteen specimens, the combinations found have been as follows:
7 + 5 in 2 cases, 7 + 7 in 3 cases,
7 + 6 in 14 cases, 8 + 5 in 3 cases,
8 + 6 in 4 cases.
The number is thus seen to agree with the range in D. spinosus. The pre- caudals are also similar, placed at a slight angle and a little farther apart than the spots of the anal series.
The scales develop serrations in extreme youth; well-developed spines are present in individuals 25 mm. long. As in D. spinosus, the luminous plates develop late. No trace of them is to be found in specimens 65 mm. long. In a male 85 mm. long, there are five overlapping luminous scales on the dorsal side of the caudal peduncle, and in a female 100 mm. long, there is a single plate below.
Specimens were obtained along the southern and eastern coasts of Japan, at the surface, from the vicinity of Nagasaki to Matsushima Bay.
Lists of Stations.
4909. 31° 38' 30" N., 129° 27' 30" E. Intermediate net, 300 fathoms.
4910. 31° 37' 40" N., 129° 26' 00" E. Surface. 4921. 30° 23' 30" N., 129° 36' 30" E. Surface. 4973. 33° 24' 15" N., 135° 30' 30" E. 600 fathoms. 5052. 37° 57' 45" N., 142° 04' 00" E. Surface. 5081. 34° 14' 00" N., 138° 05' 00" E. Surface.
At Stations 4909 and 4973 the fish probably entered the open net near the
surface.
Genus Myctophum Rafinesque.
{Scopelus Cuvier.) "
Key to Japanese Species of Myctophum.
a. No photophores above the lateral line.
b. Supra-anal photophores in an oblique row.
c. Second ventral photophore not out of line with the others.. Postero-anals 5 to 7 in
number M. aflSne.
cc. Second ventral photophore more elevated than the others. Postero-anals 2 or 3 in number M. latematum.
76 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
66. Supra-anal photophores angulated.
d. Second ventral photophore not elevated.
e. A single posterolateral. Second precaudal little above the first, far below the lateral line. /. All postero-anals behind the anal fin; 4 to 6 in number . M, evennanni. //. First postero-anals above the anal fin; 8 to 11 in number.
M. californiense. ee. Two posterolaterals. Anterior postero-anals above the anal fin. Second
precaudal widely separated from the first M. reinhardti.
dd. Second ventral elevated, vertically above the first.
g. No suborbital photophore. First two supra-anals in line with the supra- ventral M. pterotum.
gg. A large suborbital photophore. First two supra-anals in line with the
second (elevated) ventral M. suborbitale.
aa. Four photophores above the lateral line, near the dorsal profile M. valdiviae.
5. Myctophum afiine (Liitken). Scopelus affinis Liitken, Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., (6), 1892, p. 252, fig. 10; Atlantic
and Indian Oceans.
Seventeen immature specimens were secured at the surface from Ma- tsushima Bay and to the southward. In none of these specimens are the supra- anal photophores angulated and the precaudals obliquely placed and distant, as figured for this species by Brauer (Die Tiefsee Fische, 1906, p. 191, fig. 106), nor have these conditions been present in any of the very numerous examples examined from various parts of the Pacific. The supra-anals are in a perfectly straight line, or the middle one of the series (never the lower one) is rarely very slightly advanced.
The number of anal photophores is subject to wide variation in this form, if the entire range of the species in all oceans is taken into account; but in any one locality, or group of contiguous localities, the variation is much more re- stricted, and is grouped about the mode in a symmetrical manner. It is im- portant to determine the variation curve in as large a number of individuals as possible, as a contribution to the regional variation of pelagic forms. The lantern-fishes are especially well adapted to this study, as the photophores vary regionally under conditions, which seem to leave the remainder of the organism unmodified, and serve therefore as a more delicate gauge of slight divergence than is usually available.
The number of specimens in the present collection is too small to enable us to determine finally the range of variation of the antero-anal and postero-anal photophores in Japanese waters, but seems to indicate a close correspondence
gilbert: the lantern-fishes of japan
77
with that determined for the seas about the Hawaiian Islands (Gilbert, Deep Sea Fishes, Hawaiian Islands, 1905, p. 596; M. margaritatum = M. affine). The total number in both series ranges from 14 to 16 (in Hawaii from 13 to 17), the antero-anals ranging from 8 to 10, the postero-anals from 5 to 7. Listing sepa- rately the two sides of the 17 individuals:
Antero-anals — 8 occur in 5 cases, Postero-anals— 5 occur in 2 cases, 9 occur in 27 cases, 6 occur in 28 cases,
10 occur in 2 cases. 7 occur in 4 cases.
The following combinations occur:
8 + 6 in 3 cases, 9 + 6 in 23 cases,
8 + 7 in 2 cases, 9 + 7 in 2 cases,
9 + 5 in 2 cases, 10 + 6 in 2 cases.
Twelve of the seventeen specimens were bilaterally symmetrical, the other five varying on the two sides by one photophore in either the anterior or the posterior group.
In a small collection ranging from the latitude of the Hawaiian Islands to the equator, reported on by the writer (Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXVI, 1908, p. 217), a tendency seemed apparent toward a reduction southward in the number of the photophores of the anal series. More material from this region and that south of the equator is highly desirable.
List of Stations.
4921. 30° 23' 30" N., 129° 36' 30" E. Surface.
4927. 29° 57' 00" N., 130° 41' 00" E. Surface.
4978. 33° 57' 45" N., 135° 56' 00" E. Surface.
5052. 37° 57' 45" N., 142° 04' 00" E. Surface.
6. Myctophum laternatum Garman. Mydophum laternatum Garman, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool, Vol. XXIV, 1899,
p. 267, PL 56, fig. 1 ; west coast Central America, Gulf of California.
This diminutive species was recorded by Garman from the Gulf of Cali- fornia and the coast of Panama, and by Brauer from the west coast of Africa and from various localities in the Indian Ocean. Four specimens were taken by the "Albatross" near Nagasaki, in intermediate nets at 300 fathoms (Stations: 4909, 31° 28' 30" N., 129° 27' 30" E.; 4920, 30° 34' N., 129° 22' E.). The
78 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
largest, 20 mm. in length, has no trace of luminous plates on the caudal pe- duncle. The material has been directly compared with specimens from the eastern Pacific and no difference found. Young individuals of Dasyscopelus orientalis from the same region must be carefully distinguished. A specimen of the latter, 28 mm. long, has the scales without trace of spines. The number and distribution of the photophores are the same, but the eye in D. orientalis is larger, the photophores themselves are larger, there is a preorbital below the nostril more conspicuous than the one above, the lower subpectoral is decidedly below the level of the upper, the second ventral is not more elevated than the others and the precaudals are closely crowded. In M. laternatum, the first ventrals are closely apposed, the second far out at the sides, the third and fourth intermediate in position; the precaudals are much more widely separated than the postero-anals.
7. Myctophum calif orniense Eigenmann and Eigenmann. Mydophum californiense Eigenmann and Eigenmann, West. Amer. Sci., 1889,
p. 124; San Diego, Cal.
A single adult male, 127 mm. long, from Station 5034, south of Nemuoro, Hokkaido (43° 05' 30" N., 145° 57' 40" E.); and two adult females of the same size from Sagami Bay (C. M. No. 4607).
This species usuall}'^ has been considered identical with M. himiboldti, but examination of the type and a cotype of californiense from San Diego, of a third specimen from off the coast of Lower California, and the three specimens here recorded from Japan, shows agreement in a combination of minor char- acters which indicate specific difference from humboldti. These characters are as follows :
1. Pectoral rays 17 or 18 (12 to 14 in humboldti).
2. Entire back of caudal peduncle in adult males covered by a series of distinct luminous plates, each of which is surrounded by black pigment and separated from the adjoining plates. The series contains six large plates and may in addition contain one or two minute ones immediately behind the adi- pose. These are present in the type of the species and in one of the Japanese specimens. In M. humboldti, there are never more than one or two small in- conspicuous plates on the back of the caudal peduncle. In the adult females from Japan, there are seven or eight distinct plates covering the area between the anal fin and the caudal.
3. The line of the antero-anals is nearly or entirely straight, while in
gilbert: the lantern-fishes of japan 79
humholdti it is strongly arched, with the first one or two of the series nearer the base of the anal than the succeeding spots. The spots of the anal series are distinctly smaller and more crowded than the others, and more so than in humholdti.
4. Posterolateral slightly behind the vertical from the last antero-anal (in front of this vertical in humholdti).
5. Postero-anals more numerous, 8, 9, 10, and 11 in the six specimens known, three of them having 10 on each side. The range in humholdti cannot yet be given, as both Llitken and Brauer have unquestionably confused more than one species under that name. Both authors agree that typical examples from the Mediterranean have 8 postero-anals, which probably indicates a range of 7 to 9.
6. Middle pectoral photophore midway between the upper and the lower, or very slightly nearer the lower. In typical humholdti, it is considerably nearer the lower than the upper.
7. Anterior supra-anal somewhat behind vertical from second ventral (in advance of this point in humholdti).
Measurements of the male Japanese specimen in hundredths of the length to base of caudal (103 mm.): Length of head 25; diameter of eye 7.8; length of snout 5; length of maxillary 15.5; greatest depth of body 20; least depth 8.5; distance from tip of snout to front of dorsal 44; to adipose 76; to base of ventrals 40; to front of anal 58; from last anal ray to middle of caudal base 19; length of base of dorsal 15.5; of anal 25.
Dorsal rays 15; anal rays 22; pectoral rays 17; ventral rays 9, the outer ray a short rudiment. Scales of lateral line 42. Gill-rakers very long and slender, 6 + 19.
Photophores. — Three pectorals equally spaced, the upper equidistant from the upper pectoral ray and from the nearest point on the lateral line. First three pairs of thoracics forming regularly diverging lines, the fourth pair again lower, the fifth much divergent, at base of outer ventral rays. Supraventral halfway between the lateral line and the base of ventrals, distinctly above the horizontal line joining the first two supra-anals. First pair of ventrals partially concealed by the inner ventral rays, their interspace equal to that of the fourth pair, less than that of second and third pairs (first pair less separated in other specimens); distance between first and second and between third and fourth ventrals equal, that between second and third less. Anterior supra-anal on a level with the second, slightly behind the vertical from the second ventral;
80 MEMOIES OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
second supra-anal above (or slightly in advance of) the fourth ventral, nearer the fourth ventral than the upper supra-anal, which is above the anus and scarcely in contact with the lateral line. Anals 7 + 10, small, close-set, in a straight line, the anterior not lower than the others; the last antero-anal is above the thirteenth anal ray, the fifth postero-anal over the last anal ray. Posterolateral somewhat behind the vertical from the last antero-anal, immedi- ately below the lateral line. Precaudals obliquely placed, the second higher and separated from the first by a wider interval than that between the anal photophores.
The six large luminous plates on back of caudal peduncle are very con- spicuous, as they are lustrous white on a black background. The scales are lost and the integument partly gone, but the general color seems to have been dusky, blackish at the base of the fins.
Myctophum hoops Richardson is probably a synonym of M. huniboldti. The figure of the type gives thirteen rays in the pectoral fin, the description fifteen, both numbers within the known range of huniboldti.
8. Myctophum evennanni Gilbert. Myctophum evermanni Gilbert, Bull. U. S. Fish Com. for 1903 [1905], p. 597,
PL 70, fig. 1; Hawaii.
Several young specimens agreeing wholly with types from the Hawaiian Islands were taken in the Eastern Sea off southern Japan. Listing separately the fifteen specimens of the collection, we have the following combinations of anal photophores:
7 + 5 (2); 7 + 6 (4); 8 + 4 (1); 8 + 5 (10); 8 + 6 (9); 9 + 5 (2); 9 + 6 (2).
Taken at Station 4921, 30° 23' 30" N., 129° 36' 30" E., at the surface.
9. Myctophum reinhardti (Liitken). Scopelus reinhardti Liitken, Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., (6), 1892, p. 257, fig. 16;
Atlantic.
Three young specimens agreeing wholly with Hawaiian material heretofore described {Myctophum braueri Gilbert, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. for 1903 [1905], p. 598, PI. 70, fig. 1).
Anal photophores 6 + 8 (3), or 7 + 7 (3).
List of Stations.
4927. 29° 57' N., 130° 41' E. Surface.
4954. 32° 05' N., 133° 02' E. Surface.
4955. 32° 32' N., 132° 39' E. Surface.
gilbert: the lantern -fishes of japan 81
10. Myctophum pterotum (Alcock). Scopelus {Myctophum) pterotus Alcock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1890, p. 217;
Indian Ocean. Myctophum gilberti, Evermann and Seale, Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., 1907, p. 55;
Philippine Islands.
Sixty-five specimens were collected by Professor J. O. Snyder in the market at Kagoshima (C. M. No. 4600), and have been examined with reference to the excessive variation which Brauer has reported in this species. No indi- cation of such variation is given in the Japanese material, nor in numerous specimens from the Eastern Pacific, with which we have compared it. On the contrary, both as regards number and position of the photophores, this seems to be a very constant type. Brauer's results were partly based on his failure to distinguish between M. pterotum and M. fibulatum Gilbert and Cramer, the latter from the Hawaiian Islands. The two species are perfectly distinct and can be recognized at a glance at any age after the photophores have developed. Brauer's text-figure 93 (Die Tiefsee Fische, 1906, p. 182) represents M. fibu- latum and not M. pterotum, and may have been drawn from one of the specimens which Brauer examined from the Hawaiian Islands. Much is lost in this volume through the failure to specify the locality of specimens from which the drawings were made, and in general to discuss what are conceived to be vari- ations of the different forms in relation to their geographic distribution.
M. pterotum is a diminutive species, the majority of mature specimens ranging from 50 to 60 mm. in total length, none yet reported in excess of 70 mm. Mature females of 50 mm. are in the Japanese material. In neither males nor females are there well-developed luminous plates on the caudal peduncle, such as figured by Brauer (l. c, text-figure 94), but occasionally a very faint single luminous scale can be detected on the back of the caudal peduncle in both sexes. No luminous scales on the under surface of the caudal peduncle are present in any specimens.
In the arrangement of the photophores, M. pterotum differs constantly from M. fibulatum in the following respects: 1. The first and second supra-anals, the supraventral and the suprapectoral are in a straight line which passes obliquely forwards and upwards from the second supra-anal. In M. fibulatum, the line of the two lower supra-anals passes forwards and downwards, traversing the second (elevated) ventral, and leaving both supraventral and suprapectoral far above it.
2. Supraventral lower, its distance from lateral line half its distance from base of ventrals (one- third its distance from base of ventrals in M. fibulatum).
82 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
3. Suprapectoral lower, equidistant from pectoral base and lateral line (distance from lateral line half its distance from pectoral base in M. fibulatum).
4. Upper preopercular spot on level of middle of eye (on level of lower margin of eye in M. fibulatimi) .
5. Upper supra-anal and the posterolateral separated from lateral line by a space equal to their own diameter (almost touching the lateral line in M. fibulatum). In both species, the upper precaudal fails to touch the lateral line.
6. The elevated second ventral is over the middle of the interspace between the first and third ventral (almost vertically above the first ventral in M. fibulatum) .
In addition to these characters, the eye in M. pterotum is much smaller and has constantly a round peculiarly contracted pupil, while in M. fibulatum, the eye is larger and the pupil is large and ovate in shape, the major axis passing from above downwards and backwards, and the upper portion of the iris is darkly pigmented while the lower half is silvery. In M. pterotum, the opercle terminates in a long tongue-shaped process, which covers the suprapectoral photophore and extends above the pectoral fin and beyond its base. This process is not present in M. fibulatum. The latter is a larger species, reaching a length of at least 100 mm. The mature female develops a single luminous scale on the back of the caudal peduncle, the male may develop two.
In Japanese specimens of M. pterotum, the prevailing number of anal photophores is 6 -|- 4, this number occurring on both sides of fifty-six of the sixty-five individuals, and on one side of four others. Total combinations are 5 + 4 (2), 5 + 5 (7), 6 + 3 (2), 6 + 4 (116), and 6 + 5 (3).
The antero-anals are always in a curved line, the first much nearer the anal base than the others, the first and second more widely spaced than the following.
11. Myctophum suborbitale sp. nov.
Type 17 mm. long to base of caudal fin, from Station 5064, in Suruga Bay; taken in open intermediate net down to 300 fathoms.
Closely allied to M. pterotum and M. fibulatuyn, but differing from these and all other species of the genus in the presence of a small round photophore on the cheek below the posterior portion of the eye.
Measurements in hundredths of length without the caudal fin: Length of head 35; diameter of eye 13; length of snout 5.5; length of maxillary 23; depth of body 25; of caudal peduncle 8; predorsal length 55; length of dorsal base 18; pre-anal length 60; length of anal base 28; length of pectoral fin 32.
gilbert: the lantern-fishes of japan 83
Dorsal rays 12; anal rays 17; pectoral rays 11 or 12; ventral rays 8. Scales of lateral line 34.
Snout short, not bluntly rounded; mouth very oblique, the maxillary broadened posteriorly, extending well behind eye and nearly to the preopercular margin, which is not oblique. Eye large, more than one-third the length of the head. Opercle posteriorly extended, wholly covering the upper and lower pectoral photophores, notched opposite the pectoral base. Pectoral fin long, extending beyond the origin of the anal. Anal much longer than the dorsal, its origin under the middle of the dorsal base, its last ray under the adipose fin. Ventrals reaching the anus. Scales all fallen, the scars indicating that those along the lateral line were not at all enlarged.
Photophores. — A minute pre-orbital, on the dorsal side of the nostril. A well- developed subocular spot, not present in any other species of this genus, on cheek below the hinder part of the eye, near the maxillary border. Lower pre-opercular spot very smaU, opposite the expanded end of the maxiUary, the upper large, placed entirely below the level of the eye, differing in this respect strikingly from its position in M. pterotum. Suprapectoral vertically above the lower infrapectoral and the second thoracic, situated obliquely above and anterior to the pectoral base, slightly nearer to the pectoral than the lateral fine. Lower infrapectoral anterior to the upper and but little below it. Tho- racics 5, the anterior two interspaces wider than the posterior two; the first pair nearest the median line, the fifth pair more widely separated, at base of outer ventral rays. Supraventral vertically over the fifth thoracic, or even slightly anterior to this line, its distance from lateral line about one-fourth its distance from base of ventrals. Ventrals four, the second elevated, vertically above the first, on a level with the second infrapectoral; the other three con- tiguous to the midventral fine, the space between the first and third longer than that between third and fourth. Supra-anals 3, sharply angulated, the third on the lateral line, vertically above the first antero-anal, the second half- way between lateral line and base of first anal ray, the third horizontally in front of the second, very slightly above a line joining the second with the elevated ventral. In the distribution of the photophores, this species agrees with M. fibulatum, having the second ventral and the first two supra-anals in line, the supraventral far above them. In M. pterotum, the first two supra-anals and the supraventral are in line. Antero-anals 6, equidistant from the base of fin. Posterolateral single, on the lateral line, vertically above the second or third anal ray before the last. Postero-anals 5, the first above the base of the
84 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
last anal ray. Precaudals widely separated, the first at base of rudimentary caudal rays, the second obliquely above and behind it, on the lateral line. In the largest specimen, 30 mm. long (too badly mutilated to serve as the type), are two luminous spots on the under side of the caudal peduncle. In the type and numerous other smaller specimens, none are developed. Their presence in a specimen 30 mm. long (doubtless a female), indicates that it approaches matu- rity and that the species is a diminutive one.
General color dusky, as in related species, with little luster.
List of Stations. 4909. 31° 38' 30" N., 129° 27' 30" E. Intermediate net, 300 fathoms. 4920. 30° 34' N., 129° 22' E. Intermediate net, 300 fathoms.
5064. 35° 02' 10" N., 138° 38' E. Intermediate net, 300 fathoms.
5084. 34° 00' 00" N., 137° 49' 40" E. Intermediate net, 918 fathoms.
These localities are along the southern coast, from the vicinity of Kago- shima to Suruga Gulf. It was also secured by Mr. Owston in Sagami Bay. The type is deposited in the U. S. National Museum.
12. Myctophum valdivise Brauer. Mydophum valdivice Brauer, Zool. Anz., Vol. 28, 1904, p. 398, fig. 6. Atlantic
and Indian Oceans.
A single badly injured specimen has the upper series of photophores ar- ranged along the dorsal outline, a position unknown in any other species, and is hence identified with M. valdivice. It was taken at Station 4920, south of Kagoshima (30° 34' N., 129° 22' E.), in the open intermediate net down to 300 fathoms.
Genus Centrobranchus Fowler. 13. Centrobranchus chcErocephalus Fowler.
Centrobranchus chcerocephalus Fowler, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. 55,
1903 [1904], p. 754; Hawaiian Islands.
A single young specimen from Station 4921, south of Kagoshima (30° 23' 30" N., 129° 36' 30" E.). As usual in this species, the supra-anals are very obliquely arranged, the anterior of the series over the interspace between the second and third ventrals. There are 5 antero-anals and 9 postero-anals, a combination which did not occur in seventy-one specimens reported on pre- viously from the Hawaiian Islands; but both numbers occurred there separately.
gilbert: the lantern-fishes of japan 85
Genus Diaphus Eigenmann & Eigenmann.
Key to Japanese Species of Diaphus.
a. Pre-orbital photophore confined to a single minute dot above the nostril.
h. Upper supra-anal and the posterolateral immediately below the lateral line. . D. agassizi.
66. Upper supra-anal and the posterolateral far below the lateral line D. nipponensis.
aa. Upper pre-orbitals on the front of the snout, directed forwards hke headlights, occupying each a roundish depression above the nostril, c. Accessory gland developed in connection with suprapectoral only.
d. Lower pre-orbital widely separated from the upper on lower anterior border of orbit, a minute detached subocular point usually present behind it. Pre-
opercular border nearly vertical D. nanus.
(M. No lower detached pre-orbital, the upper continuous with a narrow strand along anterior border of orbit. Pre-opercular border oblique. e. Third ventral elevated, in line with supraventral, second supra-anal and first antero-anal. Third precaudal midway between first and fourth,
the last interspace much the widest D. tanakae.
ee. Third ventral low, much below the line joining supraventral and second supra-anal. Last precaudal interspace little wider than the others.
D. sagamiensis. cc. Accessory glands developed in connection with all the photophores of the upper lateral
series. No lower pre-orbital, a large suborbital D. glandulif er.
aaa. A narrow luminous bar on upper and one on lower orbital border, the latter continued as a very
narrow strand around front of orbit D. anteorbitalis.
aaaa. Pre-orbital expanded to cover the entire snout D- gigas.
aaaaa. Pre-orbital not as above, narrow, occupying the anterior or anterior and inferior border of the orbit, without detached portion (the upper portion expanded above nostrils in D. sagamiensis).
f. Upper series of photophores well below the lateral line D. coeruleus.
ff. Upper series of photophores immediately below the lateral line.
g. Pre-orbital not continued along lower margin of orbit. First antero-anal greatly
elevated, nearly vertically above the second D- latus.
gg. Pre-orbital continuous with a luminous strand which extends along the most of the inferior border of the orbit. First antero-anal not greatly elevated, above and anterior to the second D. sagamiensis.
14. Diaphus agassizi Gilbert. Diaphus agassizii Gilbert, Mem. Mus. Comp. ZooL, XXVI, 1908, p. 226, Pi. 2
(Marquesas Islands).
Several specimens, the largest 26 mm. long, from Suruga Bay, in open intermediate net at 300 fathoms.
In the figure of the type above cited, the suprapectoral should be higher, a little above the level of the supraventral, and somewhat nearer lateral line than base of pectoral. Also, the third ventral should be higher on side, on a
86 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
level with the second supra-anal, or a trifle above its level, and the third ventral, the second supra-anal, and the first antero-anal in a nearly straight horizontal hne.
The anal photophores are 6 to 7 + 5 to 6 in the Japanese material, 6 + 6 and 7 + 5 being the prevailing combinations, 6 + 5 and 7 + 6 also occurring. The number 8 was not found in the anterior group, though this occurred in the type specimen. There are no traces of luminous areas around the eye, but the minute pre-orbital photophore above the nostril is present in all specimens. In this respect, the species agrees with D. nodurnus Poey (= lacerta Goode and •Bean), but has no trace of the minute inferior photophore present in the latter within the lower anterior rim of the orbit (Gilbert, Bull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, XLVI, 1906, p. 257, PI. 1).
List of Stations.
4969. 33° 23' 40" N., 135° 33' 00" E. 587 fathoms.
5058. Suruga Bay. Intermediate net, 300 fathoms.
5063. Suruga Bay. ' Intermediate net, 300 fathoms.
5064. Suruga Bay. Intermediate net, 300 fathoms.
15. Diaphus nipponensis sp. nov.
Type 21 mm. long, from Albatross Station 4920, south of Kagoshima (30° 34' N., 129° 22' E.), open intermediate net at 300 fathoms.
Very closely allied to D. geviellari (Cocco), differing in the lower position of the photophores of the upper series, the straight supra-anals (not angulated), and the position of the last antero-anal and first postero-anal, neither of which is elevated. In certain of these respects the species agrees with Brauer's figure of a specimen from Messina (Die Tiefsee Fische, 1908, p. 213, text- figure 131), but the latter differs in so many respects from typical D. gemellari, including contour of head, size of the dorsal fin, the position of the postero- lateral with reference to the adjacent spots of the anal series, and the position of the precaudals, that we are justified in doubting the identity of this specimen with D. gemellari.
Measurements in hundredths of length exclusive of caudal fin (16 mm.): Length of head 35; axial length of snout 6; diameter of eye 7; length of maxil- lary 27; greatest depth 28; least depth of caudal peduncle 13; distance from tip of snout to front of dorsal 47; to insertion of ventrals 46; to front of anal 63.
Dorsal rays 16; anal rays 14; pectoral rays 11 or 12; ventral rays 9. Scales of lateral line 36.
gilbert: the lantern-fishes of japan 87
The shape of the head resembles that of D. agassizi, having a long snout protruding beyond the orbit for a distance nearly equaling the diameter of the latter and a long maxillary accompanied by an oblique pre-opercular margin The eye is very small and everywhere far from the profile.
The origin of the dorsal is somewhat in advance of the middle of the length (without caudal) ; posteriorly it overlaps the front of the anal. The adipose fin is inserted over the last anal rays.
Photophores. — A minute round pre-orbital on orbital rim above the level of the nostril as in gemellari and agassizi. Suprapectoral very low, above and in front of the pectoral, distant from it not farther than the width of the pectoral base, less than one-third its distance from lateral line. Upper infrapectoral in front of lower pectoral rays, not in contact with their base; lower infrapectoral slightly below the line joining the upper with the first thoracic, and a little nearer the upper. Fourth thoracic over middle of interspace between third and fifth, barely above the level of the base of the ventral fin; second thoracic midway between first and fifth, the second interspace the shortest; fifth thoracic not so far out as usual, in front of middle of ventral base. Supraventral over axil of ventrals, its distance from base of fin, half its distance from lateral line. Third ventrals barely above base of outer ventral ray, on a level with fourth thoracic and first supra-anal; fifth ventrals at sides of vent. Supra-anals in a very oblique straight line, which includes also the fifth ventral, the four spots equally spaced; third supra-anal buthttle in advance of the first anal, equidistant between it and the lateral line. Antero-anals 5, equally spaced, in a straight line, none of them elevated. Posterolateral single, directly over the interspace between the two anal series, resembling an elevated antero-anal and scarcely more distant from the last of that series than the antero-anals are from one another. Postero-anals 6, in a straight line, the anterior very slightly elevated on one side, not on the other. Anterior precaudals lying lower than the anal series, the four forming a very gentle nearly horizontal curve and all equally spaced; the fourth is twice as far from the lateral Une as from the lower margin of the caudal fin.
Light brownish, the margins of the scales coarsely pigmented with darker, the sides of head and snout lighter.
Only the type known; deposited in the U. S. National Museum.
16. Diaphus nanus Gilbert. Diaphus nanus Gilbert, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXVI, 1908, p. 224, PI. 1. (Marquesas Islands.)
88 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Several specimens off the southern coasts of Kiusiu and Hondo, taken in the intermediate nets operated at 300 fathoms and below. The largest indi- vidual is 45 mm. long, but answers well to the description and figure of the type, though this was very immature (17 mm. long). The photophores and the pre-orbital luminous organs do not vary in size or position with growth. The first antero-anal is not equally elevated with the second supra-anal as shown in the figure, but is constantly below the level of the latter. The lower pre- orbital varies extensively in different specimens, as in the closely related D. theta, being sometimes reduced to a small spot below the anterior margin of the pupil and sometimes developed so as to fill in the entire space between the eye, the front of the premaxillaries, and the nostril. A suborbital dot is usually present below the middle of the pupil. The anal photophores are usually 5 -H 4 or 5 + 5 in number, occasionally 6 + 4 or 6 + 5, 3 in the posterior group on one side only in one specimen. In a few individuals, including several very immature and one of larger size, the first antero-anal is not elevated, but lies close to the base of the anterior anal rays. In all other respects, including the angulated supra-anals and the high position of the upper row of photophores, these agree with the other specimens, so we are clearly concerned with a question of individual variation.
List of Stations. 4920. 30° 34' N., 129° 22' E Intermediate net, 300 fathoms.
4951. 31° 10' 30" N., 131° 58' 30" E. Intermediate net, 300 fathoms. 4954. 32° 05' N., 133° 02' E. Intermediate net, 300 fathoms.
5063. 35° 01' 10" N., 138° 38' 50" E. Intermediate net, 300 fathoms.
17. Diaphus tanakae sp. nov.
Type 21 mm. long, from Albatross Station 4951, off the southern coast of Kiusiu (31° 10' 30" N., 131° 58' 30" E.), intermediate net at 300 fathoms.
Very closely related to D. nanus Gilbert, but with the upper series of photophores somewhat higher, the third supra-anal vertically above the second or slightly in advance of it (well behind it in D. nanus), the posterolateral vertically above the last antero-anal (behind it in D. nanus) , and the last pre- caudal interspace decidedly wider than those which precede (but little wider in D, nanus). The eye is smaller, the snout longer, the maxillary much longer, the pre-orbital luminous bodies are different in shape and in extent.
Measurements in hundredths of length without caudal (16 mm.): Length
gilbert: the lantern-fishes of japan 89
of head 37; greatest depth 27; least depth of caudal peduncle 14; axial length of snout 5; diameter of eye 9; length of maxillary 24; distance from tip of snout to origin of dorsal 47; to insertion of ventrals 49; to front of anal 64.
Dorsal rays 15; anal rays 15; pectoral rays 11 or 12. Scales of lateral line 36. Snout bluntly rounded, but protruding beyond the eye farther than in D. nanus and related species, its axial length somewhat greater than half the diameter of the eye. Maxillary long, extending beyond the orbit a distance equaling seven-ninths the diameter of the orbit, its posterior portion not widened; pre-opercular border oblique.
Pectorals reaching base of ventrals, the latter slightly overlapping front of anal. Insertion of ventrals behind the vertical of origin of dorsal; anal not overlapping the dorsal.
P/ioiop/iores.— Pre-orbitals small roundish bodies immediately above the nostrils, directed forwards and little visible from the side; they are about as large as the nostrils and are widely separated mesially; from their lower outer border a very narrow luminous streak extends downwards around the anterior border of the eye, but not on its ventral aspect. The posterior outer border, both of the slender streak and of the rounded expansion above the nostril, is densely pig- mented. No line of division can be detected between the two portions. No sub- ocular spot. Suprapectoral midway between lateral line and base of pectoral. Fourth thoracic above and a trifle behind the third, on the level of the middle of pectoral base. Second thoracics midway between first and fifth, the second and fourth interspaces nearly equal. Supraventrals slightly nearer base of ventrals than lateral line. Third ventral lower than supraventral, on a level with the second supra-anal. Upper supra-anal in contact with the lateral Hne, or a mere trifle below it, vertically above the second, which is above and a httle behind the first; the first and second are very close, the space between them less than half that separating the second and third, and the first is still nearer the fifth ventral, which is before and a little below it. First antero-anal elevated, nearly as high as the second supra-anal, in an oblique line joining second antero-anal and upper supra-anal. Antero-anals 6, the second to the fifth in a straight line diverging from base of anal a little posteriorly, the sixth elevated, obliquely above and behind the fifth, the last interspace equal to those that precede. Posterolateral vertically above the sixth antero-anal, in contact with the lateral line. Postero-anals 5, all on the same level. Precaudals 4, the first three equally spaced, in a gentle curve following base of lower caudal lobe, the fourth more elevated, above and behind the third, very near the lateral line, the third equidistant from the first and the fourth.
90 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
Color dark brown, apparently deeper at base of caudal; cheeks, mandible and snout whitish in spirits, probably translucent in life.
Two small cotypes from the same station as the type and one from Station 4977, 33° 23' N., 135° 37' 40" E., 544 fathoms, but probably taken nearer the surface. Type deposited in the U. S. National Museum.
Named for Shigeho Tanaka of the Imperial University at Tokyo, for his valuable contributions to the ichthyology of Japan.
18. Diaphus glandulifer sp. nov. (Plate XI, fig. 2.)
Type 58 mm. long without the caudal fin, from Station 5058, Suruga Gulf, taken with an intermediate net hauled at 300 fathoms.
Differing from all known species of the genus in the extensive development of the glandular organs of the photophores. In other species, only one is present, attached to the suprapectoral, while in the present species, glands are attached to aU the photophores of the upper series and to the majority which are intermediate in position between the upper and the ventral series. A round pre-orbital above the nostril, directed forward, and a conspicuous suborbital under middle of eye. No inferior pre-orbital.
Measurements in hundredths of length to base of caudal: Length of head 32; diameter of eye 8; width over middle of orbits 9.5; length of snout 4; length of maxillary 23; oblique length of cheek 13; depth of body 21; depth of caudal peduncle 9; predorsal length 45; base of dorsal 19; preanal length 63; base of anal 18; length of pectorals 15; length of ventrals 23.
Dorsal rays 15 (including rudiments, the last ray cleft to base); anal rays 15 (last ray cleft to base); pectoral rays 12 or 13; ventral rays 8. Scales of lateral line 34.
Snout short, bluntly and evenly rounded; pre-opercular margin obhque, the maxillary scarcely widened posteriorly, almost reaching pre-opercular margin, twice as long as snout and orbit. Gill-rakers 10 + 19, the longest six hundredths of the total length without caudal. Origin of dorsal over base of ventrals, its last ray above the vent. Adipose fin over last anal ray. Pectorals short, barely attaining the base of the ventrals, which pass the origin of the anal.
Photophores.— A roundish pre-orbital in a pit of the dorsal side of the nostril, extending mesad nearly to the median crest; lower pre-orbital wanting. Sub- orbital very sharply defined, invariable in shape and position; it is large, roundish in outline, encroaches on lower part of eyeball, and hes in or slightly behind its vertical diameter. It evidently corresponds to the detached point
gilbert: the lantern-fishies of japan 91
from the inferior preorbital in D. rafinesquei, theta, and nanus, and is developed in specimens 12 mm. long. The anterior and inferior orbital margins densely black. Suprapectoral low, midway between upper pectoral ray and lateral line. First pair of thoracics nearest the median line, second and third pairs equidis- tant from it, fifth pair separated by more than twice the distance separating the third pair; fourth thoracic elevated but little above the ventral base, a httle behind the vertical from the third thoracic. Supraventral high, its distance from lateral line two-fifths the distance from base of ventrals. Second and third ventrals unusually high, the third on middle of area below lateral line, a little below the line joining the first and second, and sUghtly in advance of the vertical from the fourth. First supra-anal at the side of the vent, in fine with the first, fourth and fifth ventrals and apparently forming one of the ventral series. Line of the supra-anals slightly angulated, the second in advance of the line joining first and third. Third supra-anal not in contact with the lateral fine, but under the lower part of its 18th scale. Antero-anals 6, the first and last elevated, the others in a straight line parallel to anal base, the first about on level of middle supra-anal, in a line joining upper supra-anal and second antero-anal; the last shghtly behind the line joining the fifth antero-anal and the posterolateral, equidistant from both. Posterolateral immediately below the lateral fine. Postero-anals 5. Precaudals 4, the first two placed horizontally and lying deeper than the postero-anals, the third a little elevated and more widely spaced, the fourth much more widely spaced, near the lateral fine, and but little behind the third.
Glandular bodies are always connected with the suprapectoral, supra-anal, the posterolateral, and the upper precaudal; usually also with both infra- pectorals, the fourth thoracic and the second and third ventrals; occasionally with the first antero-anal and the third precaudal.
General color blackish, with metallic bluish reflections.
A number of cotypes from the following Stations, and also from Sagami Bay (C. M. No. 4606). The type is deposited in the U. S. National Museum.
List of Stations. 4926. Colnett Strait, south of Kagoshima Intermediate net, 300 fathoms. 5058. Suruga Bay. Intermediate net, 300 fathoms,
5063. Suruga Bay. Intermediate net, 300 fathoms.
5064. Suruga Bay. Intermediate net, 300 fathoms. 5084. Suruga Bay. Intermediate net, 300 fathoms.
92 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
19. Diaphus anteorbitalis sp. nov. (Plate XII, fig. 1.)
Type 93 mm. long to base of caudal, from Station 4968, off Shiwo Misako (33° 24' 50" N., 135° 38' 40" E.), depth 253 fathoms.
Very closely allied to D. adenomus Gilbert from the Hawaiian Islands, differing only in the greater development of the circumocular luminous bodies, in the slightly higher position of the suprapectoral photophore, and in the larger eye.
Measurements in hundredths of total length to base of caudal: Length of head 28.5; diameter of eye 7.5; interorbital width above middle of eye 9; length of snout 5; of maxillary 22; greatest depth of body 22; least depth of caudal peduncle 11; distance from tip of snout to front of dorsal 43; to base of outer ventral ray 43; to base of last dorsal ray 60; to front of anal 64; to last anal ray 81; to adipose fin 80; length of base of anal fin 18; of dorsal fin 19.
Dorsal rays 15 (3 rudiments; last ray cleft to base); anal rays 15 (2 rudi- ments); pectoral rays 12; ventral rays 9, the outer ray short, rudimentary. Scales of lateral line 36, the third supra-anal photophore on the 18th scale, the posterolateral on the 25th. Gill-rakers 5 + 11.
Diameter of eye about one-fourth length of head (about one-fifth head in D. adenomus). Origin of dorsal and base of outer ventral ray in the same vertical; last dorsal ray over the vent; last anal ray under the adipose fin. Pectoral reaching a point halfway between fourth thoracic photophore and base of ventral. Longest ventral ray reaching to or nearly to the vent.
A well-developed supra-orbital luminous body, as in D. adenomus, found only in these two species. It is in the form of a narrow streak along the upper border of the orbit, not extending behind the pupil; a small superior pre-orbital, in its usual position above the nostril; a third luminous body occu- pies the position of both suborbital and inferior pre-orbital, extending on the inferior border of the eye to or beyond the middle of the orbit, becoming abruptly narrowed beneath front of eye and sending a narrow upward extension nearly to the level of the superior pre-orbital. In D. adenomus, both the supe- rior pre-orbital and the extension between eye and nostril are lacking. Supra- pectoral photophore above the angle of the opercular flap, slightly nearer base of pectoral than lateral line, accompanied below by a small glandular body. Fourth thoracic and third ventral low, but little above the level of the ventral base. Supraventral midway between the lateral line and the ventral base, or a trifle nearer the lateral line. Supra-anals in a nearly straight line, the middle spot slightly behind the line which joins the other two and passes just caudad
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gilbert: the lantern-fishes of japan 93
of the fifth ventral. Upper supra-anal immediately below the lateral line, the posterolateral and the upper precaudal slightly below its level. Antero-anals about equally spaced, the first above and anterior to the second, less elevated than the middle supra-anal. Last antero-anal elevated, nearly midway between its predecessor and the posterolateral, but a trifle behind the line joining the two. The remaining four posteroanals form a gently curved line which rises slightly posteriorly. Postero-anals five (six in one cotype). Precaudals forming a gently curved line nearly parallel with base of lower caudal lobe, the upper spots more widely spaced than the lower two.
General color dusky; lining of mouth and gill cavity black, the opercle with blue-black reflections. A black area above each eye. A dusky band across the mandible below eye. Fins with minute dark specks.
Three cotypes from the same locality as the type; the latter is deposited in the U. S. National Museum.
20. Diaphus gigas sp. nov. (Plate XII, fig. 2.)
Type 172 mm. in total length, 140 mm. to base of caudal, from Sagami Bay; collection of Alan Owston (C. M. No. 4601).
Most nearly related to D. chrysorhynchus Gilbert and Cramer and D. perspicillatus Ogilby. From both species it differs in the greater development of the inferior pre-orbital, which is produced dorsally well beyond the small tri- angular superior pre-orbital. It differs further from D. perspicillatus in the lower position of the third ventral photophore, and from D. chrysorhynchus in the lower suprapectoral and in the restriction of the inferior pre-orbital to the por- tion of the lower orbital rim in advance of the pupil. In D. chrysorhynchus, it extends to below the posterior margin of the pupil.
Brauer's description and figure of D. elucens (Die Tiefsee Fische, pp. 219, 220), fails to indicate any difference from D. perspicillatus, with which it is probably identical.
Measurements in hundredths of length without caudal: Length of head 29; diameter of eye 8.5; length of snout 3.8; frontal width at middle of eyes 10; length of maxillary 19.5; distance from eye to end of maxillary 11; depth of body 20; of caudal peduncle 8.5; distance from tip of snout to front of dorsal 42; to base of ventrals 43.5; to last dorsal ray 62.5; to front of anal 63.5; to last anal ray 81; to adipose dorsal 80. Length of pectorals 13; of ventrals 18.
Dorsal rays 15 (2 rudiments); anal rays 15 (2 rudiments); ventral rays 9 (1 rudiment); pectoral rays 11. Scales of lateral line 35, the upper supra-anal on the 18th scale, the posterolateral on the 25th. Gill-rakers long, 8 -f- 16.
94 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM
As in related species, the eye is large, the snout very short and high, bluntly rounded. Preopercular margin only moderately oblique, the maxillary reaching its anterior border. Pectoral not quite reaching base of ventrals, the latter attaining the vent. Dorsal beginning slightly in advance of base of ventrals, the anal a little behind last dorsal ary, the adipose fin above the last anal ray. Scales of lateral line not enlarged, their vertical diameter nowhere exceeding their distance from middorsal line.
Photophores. — Superior pre-orbital smaller than in D. chrysorhynchus, oval in shape, the massive inferior pre-orbital expanding above the nostril, occupying all the area between the smaller pre-orbital and the median crest, and continued much beyond it dorsally; ventrallj^, the inferior pre-orbital ceases abruptly oppo- site the pupil or in front of this point. No trace of an infra-orbital. Distance from suprapectoral to lateral line 1.2 in its distance from base of ventrals (1.66 in D. chrysorhynchus). Fourth thoracic on level of base of ventrals, the third ventral only a trifle higher, much below the level of the supraventral, which is over the axil of the ventral and is nearer ventral base than lateral line. Third supra-anal immediately below lateral line, the three of the series in an oblique line, not angulated, the lowermost opposite the vent, above and behind the fifth ventral. First antero-anal elevated, not so high as middle supra-anal, in a line joining the upper supra-anal and second antero-anal. Second to fifth antero- anals form a slightly curved line which gently rises, the sixth more elevated. Postero-anals 5. Posterolateral but little below the lateral line, a trifle farther removed than the upper supra-anal. Precaudals forming a broad curve; the first two slightly less separated than the other two, the uppermost not so near the lateral line as the posterolateral.
Color very dark. A broad dark bar across mandibles below eyes; mouth and gill-cavity black.
Two cotypes from Sagami Bay, the largest 21 cm. (C. M. No. 4602). The type is deposited in the Carnegie Museum.
21. Diaphus coeruleus (Klunzinger) . Scopelus coeruleus Klunzinger, Verh. k. k. zool. bot. Ges. Wien., Vol.