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DICTIONARY

or

6R££K AND ROMAN BIOGRAPHY AND MYTHOLOGY.

VOL. Ill,

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LoaoDMi PSIlrraD XT m/nrnKoonm amo cd., icmr-mmur agoui

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A DICTIONARY

OF

GREEK AM) ROMAN

BIOGRAPHY Am MYTHOLOGY.

BY VABIOUS WRITERS.

EDITED

BY WILLIAM ^SMITH, D.C.L., LL.D.

IN THBEE TOLUMEa— VOL. III.

OARSES— ZYGIA.

IU.USTRATBD BY NUMEROUS CNQRAVINaS ON WOOD.

^ LONDON :

JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMAELE STREET.

1873.

uonomt I mimn *r SFOTTiBwooDi AND CO., vht-rtuut aonui

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o

A DICTIONARY

OF

GREEK AM) ROMAN

BIOGEAPHY AOT) MYTHOLOGY.

BY VARIOUS WRITERS.

EDITED

BY WILLIAM SMITH, D.C.L., LL.D.

IN THREE VOLUMES— VOL. III.

OARSES— ZYGIA.

ILLUSTRATED BY NUMEROUS ENQRAVINQS ON WOOD.

LONDON :

JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.

1873.

Google

■|Z9C by

With lUpi ud lUoatzKUona, > rots. Medlnm 8to. IISb. ewdi.

I AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OP CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY, i OOlTAIlilKO QttaK AND BOKAX AKTtQDtnna. Bioobapht, Httbo-

' u>or, AMD QBOOKAPBr. Bj Tiiloni Writtn. Xdltad by WiLawiH,

CCX-udLLJ).

I. A DICTIONARY OF GREEK AND BOMAN ANTI- QUrriBS. (1100 pp.) Wltb M» lUutntltaM. Hedlom Sto. Ste

n. A DICTIONARY OF BIOORAPHY AND MYTHO- LOOT. (S700pp.) With MO Dlnstnttons. 8 Tola. Ucdium 8to. 84^

UL A DICTIONARY OP GREEK AND BOMAN GEO- OIUFHT. (UOO pp.) With «80 lUutnblODi. 3 nil. Uadlttm Sro.

A DICTIONARY OF THE BIBLE; coMPBumQ m Akti-

qomn, BUMIUPHT, QlIOaRAPHT, AMD Katdkai. Hikiokt. B]

Tftriou Writer*. Bdlted by Wu. SMITH. D.OU ud IJjJD. Wl umMattoM. S T«l». ItoUnm Sto. t».l».

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LIST OP WBTTERS.

A. A. Alexaitdek Allen, Ph. D.

C. X. JL* Charles Thouas Aknold, M. A.

One of the Masters in Rugby School

J.£.B. John Erhest Bode, 3LA.

Studeot of Christ Church, Oxford.

Ck. A. B. Christian A. Buandis,

Professor in the UnirersitT of B<mii.

E- H. IRvwABO Herbbkt Bdhburt, M.A.

Late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge.

A J.C. AlbanxJa,iies Christie, M. A.

Late Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford.

A H. C- Arthub Hugh Clough, M. A.

Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford.

G.E.L. C. Orobok Edward Ltnch Cotton, M. A.

Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge; one of the Iifasteiti in Rugby School

Sl D. Samuel Davidson, LL.D.

W. F. D. AViu.uu F18HBURN DoNKiN, M. A

Savilian Professor of Astronomy in the Univeruty of Oxford.

W. B. D. WiLUAM Bodham Domke.

T. D. THO1CA0 Dteh.

Ek E. Edward Elder, M. A

Head Master of Durham School.

• J. T. G, John Thomas Graves, M.A, F.R.S.

jY. A. G- 'WnxiAM Alkxahdbb Grbsn mu, M. IX Trinity Oolitic, Oxford.

^ G-* AXGEKNON 6H£NFELL> M.A.

One of the Masters in Rugby ScliooL

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Vi LIST OF WRITEKS.

INlTIAtS. HAME8.

W. M. G. WiLLiAU Maxwell Gdnn,

One of the Bfastras in the Bigh School, Edinbiuif^li.

W. I. William InHs, Ph. D.

Of the University of Bonn.

B. J. Bbnjaxin Jowvtt, M.A.

Fellow and Tator of Baliol O^ege, Oxford.

H. 6. L. Henrt Geosok Liddell, M. A.

Head Master of Weatminstw SchooL

O. L. George Long, M. A.

Late Fellow of Trinity Collie, Cambridge.

.T. M. H. John Mobell Mackenzie, M. A.

C. F. M. Charles Fetsb Mason» B. A.

Fellow of Univerfiity College, Lond<Hi.

J. C. M. Joseph Calrow Meaits.

U. H. M. Henry Hart Milhan, M. A.

Deanof SLfaurs. A. de M. Augustus de Morgan.

Professor of Mathematics in University Collpg^ Ixndon.

W.P. Willum Plate, LL.D.

C K P. Constantine Estlin Pbichasd, B. A.

Fellow of Baliol College, Oxford.

W. B. William Bamsat, M. A.

Professor of Humanity in the University of Glasgow.

L. S. Leonhabd Scmaxz, Ph. D., F.R.S.K

Rector of the High School of Edinbui^h.

P. S. Philip Smith, B. A.

Of the University of London.

A- P> S. Arthur Penbthn Stanley, M. A.

Fellow and Tutor of Univendty Goll^ Oxford.

A. 8- AmLPH Stahb,

Professor in the Gymnasium of Oldenburg.

L. U. LuDwiG Uruchs,

Professor in the Univorsity of Bonn.

B. W. BOBBBT WniBTON, M. A.

Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. The ArticleB which have no initials attached to them arc written by the Editor.

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U8T OF COINS ENGRAVED IN THE THIRD VOLUME.

It tbe faBowiag lirt AV inilmt*^ that the coin is of floU, M of nivcr, JR of copper, \X first brotm Imnd, 2X weend bronxe RonuR, SX third bronze Roman. The wci^t of all gold and silver coiiii H prto, widi the exception of the aurei tmd denarii, which are for the most part of nearly the same n^iectiTelj. When a coin has been reduced or enlarged in the drawing, the diameter of the w'Ukil coin is given in the liist column, the numbers in which refer to the subjoined scale : those wUd bare no numbers aflixcd to them ore of the same size in the drawing a& ihi onginaltt.

i I

3 1 I

3^2 40 2 64 I

1 1

2 2 2

SI 7 336 337 36 i 365 371 575 377 1

382 38312

Oetavu, sister eS An-

putus

Octavia, wife of Mero .

Ognlnia GeoB

Opimia Oens

Oppiits

Orbiana .

Otadlia

Otho

Pacatianiu

Paetna, P. Adine . . , hetna, C. Considina . . Palieann>,M. Lollius . PaiM,C.Vibiua . . . .

Pula, wiftof Ebgabaliu „ Ehgabalus

Paulina

Pauaaniai

Pedamoa Cotfa

Perdiectt III

Peraeu

PertiDU

Petillia Gena

Pbiieuunu

PhilippoB I. (emperor) . Philippoi II. (emperor) Philippns 11^ king of

Macedonia

Philippos III. „ Philippm IV. „ Phiiippas V. H Philippns, Maieios . . . Philippai, king of Syria

Philopator

Philua, U. Fmriiia . . .

Pfaintiai

Phthia

PicMT, N. Fftbina . . .

aPtao

Co. Piao

M. Pi»

: Piao and Caepio . . . . Pitio, L. SempronioB .

Pizodans

Plaetorina

» »

M N

Plaetoriua

Cn. PlaneioB

naitcna, L. Mnnatioa ,

I a

J!

1

V

(1,

e S

=

S84

3

AV

405

2

M

406

2

JR

423

2

JR

434

2

IB.

439

1

JR

489

1

JR

491

2

AV

JR

M

511

1

JR

511

2

At

531

1

M

533

2

538

2

JR

540

2

At

561

1

JR

585

2

JR

JR

160

588

1

JR

58d

2

M

590

2

JR

264

9

592

I

JR

593

2

At

£95

1

Al

2fl2

9

696

I

At

596

2

At

598

1

598

2

AV

133

599

1

AV

133

JR

599

2

M

123

JR

600

I

At

137

7

604

2

AS

605

2

At

607

1

JE

616

1

JE

633

2

JR

634

1

At

636

2

At

642

2

At

645

1

At

2

At

108

M

rt

At

At

645

s

At

Al

646

1

At

650

1

At

651

1

At

*•

Plancni, L. Plautina

Platorinua

Plautilla

Plotina

Polemon II

Pollio, Asinius . ■ . Cn. Pompeina . . . Sex Pompeina . . .

of

Poatnmof

Post omul Junior . ■ . ■

Prohos

li. ProciUius

Proeophu

C PioeoMas

Pnisiaa II

Ptolemaeoa I^ king of

Egypt

Ptolemaeni 11. „ Ptolemaens III. ^ PtolMoaeoa IV. „ Ptolemaens V. „ Ptolemaens VI. „ Ptolemaem VII. „ Ptolemaeoa VIII. „ Ptolemaeoa IX. „ Ptolemaens XI. ^ Ptolemaeoa XIJ. Ptolemaeua, king

Epeirus

Ptolemaens, king of

Manritania .... PnUicia Oens .... Pukheria .......

Pnpienns

PylaemenM

Pyrrhos

Quietus

Quintia Gnu ....

Quintilhis

Reginus, C. Antistios Reguhu, C. UTitmna

Regains, C. Livineins

Renia Gena

Rectio, C Antins . .

RhescQporis I

RheBcupoiis II. . . . Rhescuporis III. . . .

At At At At At 2JE JR At At JR JR JR JR At At AJE At

AV At At

At AV AV JR AV

M JR

J&

JR JR AV At X AV 3Ai At 3^ At At At At At At At At JR AV AV

* This coin is plated upon copper.

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TIU UST OF COINS.

V

Column- 1

i

i X

€53

1

Rho^mfitAlccs I-f kiD^ of

Thmco

M

w

2

M

M

«

RKrvniittA.lMM_ kinff of

AV

661

2

Roinulut) mh of Miuc-

3.E

G7I

1

Hufiu^ Aurdtiu • « - -

M

(J73

2

JR

674

1

JR

n

2

Tin fn A_ T . M'piinik i iifl

M

675

2

Rufds, Qi Minuciut . .

M

676

2

Rufiu. C- Plotina . - -

2-K

677

1

RtifiiL A PunitiB . .

'iM

»•

9t

JR

679

2

JR

680

2

JR

686

2

JR

C(l7

2

^nUluB* ■ ULfUn^B « > • -

JR

691

2

JR

2

SftbulA) L. CoMUtim . .

JR

699

2

JR

700

1

JR

701

2

^* •luuwuv xuuwv

JR

706

2

JR

713

2

JR

2

JR

7*26

i

'^a turn 1 ii ii ■ T ■ ^^mti ii ft

JR

729

1

JR

w

2

AV

t»

ft

AV

730

1

AV

^

AV

734

2

At

2

JR

738

1

QjM««M|a A pm 11 in 11

JR

2

f'LvnFiiL Aiiiv*liiui

JR

747

2

JR

763

2

Cfu-iitiiin*_ Hif AkTinit

JR

773

1

JR

774

2

AAliHiniA T f

JR

JR

775

2

S»Imu!iu IV

JR

^

Seleucul VI . . ■ ■

JR

783

2

JR

789

1

Sattvuia^ ltf» Atilitu > ,

JR

793

2

JR

797

I

L. Sestiu

JR

2

JR

804

1

finvfkFii>_ AlATflnil^r

JR

805

I

2J&

2

AV

808

1

jLkWApn « $^#nt 1 mi ii ■

AV

8If

2

At

82i

I

oimuuB} A/a vuuuua • > -

JR

62i

1

P jSilina Nam

K a OiUUv INVITO a a • ■

JR

82i

2

RiliiH hf Emilia

JR

84]

1

SiMiiiiiif Cua Conifiliiw •

JR

856

2

Soemii or Sooemiat . .

At

88£

2

AS

897

1

Spurilui Oena a .

At

922

2

Stnbo, Ija Volleiu* . . .

At

93-2

1

Sufinuw, Sex. Noniin .

At

943

I

At

n

» »•

At

n

2

tt n

1 At

123 120 121 12U

245 261 263 263 241

947 948 968 974 975 980 985 1013

1068 1070 1098 11 -J3 1129 1158 1159 1161 1165 1169 1170 1171 U76

1176 1179 1181 1183 1190 U92

1192

1201 1202 1205 1210 1211 1214 1215 1217 1220 12-27 1232

1239 1246

1-248 1250 1251 1251 ,1257 1258 126-2 1276 1279 1282 1282 1284 1307 1311 1311

Supers, Cornelia . . . . Suidmnt, L. NaeriuB . TacituB, M. Claudius . Tamphaiu, C. Bublui a

TaKondimotiu

Q. Tarqnidni

Taunift, Statiliu . . . . TetricuB, Benior . . . . Tetricui, junior . . . .

TbeodouQi I

Theodouni IL

ThennnB, Q. Minndiu a

Tiberiui

Tignuici

CaTitiniiu

Q. Titina

Titaa

Torquatu:^ L. Manliua .

Trajaniu

Trebania Oeni

IVebcmianui OaUtu . . Trigeminna, C. Csriatitu Trio, L. iMmtiiiB a . a Trogna, C. Mviui a . .

Tryphon

Tnbului, L. HmUHu .

TuUiaOeiu

Tullns. M. Maedliiu . . Turpil ianus, P.Petnmiiu

Vabalathui

Vala, C. Numonnu .

Valena

Valentinianiu I. . . . ValenUoianus II. a . Valentiiiiaiiiu IIU . . Valeria Oalflria. . . .

Volerianna

Vargnntaiui

VaiTo, M. Tcrentiiu , Vanu, P. Quintilim , Vams, C. Vibiu . .

P. Ventidiiu

VeniB, Annin* a . . . Venu, La Annlina . a

Ve^paaianui

Vetianio

Veturia Gent

Vetoi

Victor

Victorinna

Vinidiia

Viteltiiia

Voconiua ,

Volte iuB

Voluaianiu

TJrbica

Xcrxei.kingof Armrnia

Zenobia , ,

Zenodorni

3

At

2JE

3^

At

M

At

X

ijR

3JE At AV At At At JB. M AV At AV At At At At At At 8^ At 2Ai At At At At At At At 3Ai At At At At At 2JE JR At At JE JR At 2£ JR AV 2M At At AV At At At At At At 3X JE

JE

S47

61

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A DICTIONARY

Of

GREEK AND ROMAN BIOGRAPHY MYTHOLOGY.

OBSEQUENS. OARSES. [Arrx-h.]

UAXES or OAXUS ('0«{«), the mythical fviiultr of the town of Oamt in Crete, Je s.iid hv KKt to han been a eon of Acacallit, the daughter rfMinM (Steph. By& •.n'Oo^ar)^ and by others ■ ntf Apolla bj Anchlale. iSen.ad Vira-Ed.

irBLACUS. rOnsiDius.]

O'BUDAS or O'DEDAS ('Ofo'Sai, 'OSitia). )■ A king of the Ambs of Ganloiiius. Alexander JiDEueoi iuToded his territory in u. a 92, but lost H) amy hv an ambuscade in the mouniaint of Ga- ^Kz, and escaped bimself with difficulty. (Jol J«t xiii. 13. f 5. Jud. I 4. $ 4.)

1 A king of the MiUiatfaauiii fli Arabia Petneo. He apfcan to have been the successor of Miklchui [Nn. 3], and it mentioned both br Stnibo and ^phas as an indobnt nun, who left the ninn^e- is^i't of ail his KJKiin to Syllacun. It was in his that the expcdiuAti of Aelius Gnllns into Ana* look place, in & c. 24. (Strab. xvi. p. 7S0, to. ; Joi. j«t x«. 9. S 3, xvi. 7. $ 6, B^i. Jud. i2i.|6Ll IK. E ]

0HRIMU8 CO«pifiM),0T O'MBRIM US COji- t^fit), a Greek rhetorician, probably of Asia, but rfuKertaln A^te, two of whose orations urn quoted It iJtnbacut, nnmetr, tlpaTO'/6m» K^vonivou <pa^ fiavKW, or i>Ttp Xlf>tnay6¥ou, and iirip Z*S^fov. (Ptel. Cod.\G7 ; Stobaeus, Fioriieg. toL 11 p. 277, »!. nl p, 487, ToL iL p. 2«<i.)

VBi-KQUENS, JU'LIUa, the name prefixed I* a fragment entitled De I'rtfdgiit ui Frodi- ymw LiMlmtf containing a record for many }*m ef those startling plrniomena classed by the Riimuis under the general designation of Pndifpa br 'iftiidb, which were nnivenalty beliered to be ■ninknintu manifestations of divine povref, and to he iRteftdcd as solemn warnings of coming events. The series is arranged in n^lar chronological •nW. and extendi fr<»n the coosutship of Seipio nd I^iu, B.C. 190, to the eonnlihip of Fabmi Btid Adiu, B.C. 11. The materials are derired in u L-cai niea»ure ftom Liv^, whose very words are Ip-q'j-ntly employed ; aEd although we cnn in some P'i.-es detect dcTiations fmm the narrative of the hi^urin, these conwut chiefly in ropeiitinns. and ill Tariatimu with regard to datea^ dlKrepaociea VU. lU.

OBSEQUENS.

I which may very probably have arisen from th« { interpolations or carelessness of transcribers. With regard to the compiler we know absolutely nothing, not even the country to which he belonged, nor the age when he flourished. He is mentioned hy no ancient writer, and there is no internal evidence to guide US, The style is upon the whole tole- isbly pure, but certainly does not belong to the Augustan age. Votgitia supposes that the author lived before Orosius, and Scaliger believes that he was consulted by St. Jerome ; but no substtmtint arguments have been adduced in support of these assertions.

No MS. of Obsequens is known to exist. The firat edition, printed by Aldus in 1508, was taken from s codex belonging to Jucundus of Verona, but this has disappeared, and no other has ever been discovered.

Abont the middle of the sixteenth centnr)', Conmd Woolfhart, professor at Basle, who assumed the nppelhttion of Conradus Lycosthvnes, published a supplement, in which he collected from Lin*, Diutry8i^^ Kntropins, and other anthoritica, tn6 prodigies Vhich had been chronicled from the foundation of the city until ilie period when tho fragment of Obi^equeiiB commences, m.-Ucing at the same time additions from the same sources to the text of Obeeqnens himself. From this time for- ward the original and the supplement have been usually printed together, and care must be taken in every case to keep the two portions perfectly distinct.

The Ediiio Prineept of Obsequens was pub- lished, as wc have already stated, by Aldus, five. Venet. 150t) (reprinted 1518), in n Tolniue con- tiining also the epistlrs of the younger Pliny ; the second edition was that of Beatus Rhenanus, 8va. Argentorat, 1514, in a vptume containing also the opistles of Pliny, Aureliiis Victor, De Viru lUtw irilmt, and Suetonius D« OCuns Orammaiidt et ltketorihu»i the third was. from the press of Robert Stephens, 8va. Paris, 1529, and, Uke the two former, combined with the epintles of Pliny. The first edition, which contained the supplement of Ijvcosthen 'H, was thnt which appeared at Bnsiei 8vo,'lS.V2 The bfitjirr- iho-ic ofPcheffer, 8v* AmtL 1^7% and of Oudendotp, 8m Iaul BaL Digitizeo by VjCiOVlC

a OCEANUS.

1 720, Mpeciallf the latter, to which we may add that of ijaae, lubjoined to the Valeriui Maximtia in Lemaire'a editiOD of the Latin clastic*, 8to. Paria, ]&23, and ciRituiiinK ths eommentonM of both Schel^ and Ondendoip. No M3. haring been itmptoyed aince the time of Ald1li^ all the altemtiana introduced from time to time into the text ore purely conjectural.

We have translationa into French hj Geom de la Bouthiere, 8to. Lyona, 155S, and by Victor Vender, 12mo. Paris, 18'25, and into Italian by Dnmiano Marafii, 8vo. Idone, 1554. The firat and last of the above evntun alio tianilationa of the three books by Polydoia Virpl on the lame topic [W. R.]

08310)1113. l.ThecommanderoraFKiitaniBn troop of horse, serving under the consul Laevinua in the campaign against Pyrrhus a. c, 280, dia- tinguiihed himself in the battle fought at the river Siris in that year, by the daring attempt which he made upon the king's life. He unhorwd PyrrhuB, but was Killed by the personal atten- dants of the kin^ He ia called (Macns ('OtAb- KOs) in Plutarch, Obhens Vnlmnins ( Of Anmt OdA- atfios) in Dionysinsi, but Obaidins in Flonia. (Flor. i. 18. I 7 ; PluL Pyrrh. 16 ; Dunys. zviii. 2-4.)

2. Discovered in Aethiopia the atone which was named after him O&mJi'aaM ( PHn. ff. N, xxxvi. 26. $ 67). The name Obsidhn Rufns oceuia in inacriptions, bat is not mentioned elsewhere.

OBULTRO'NIUS SABI'NUS, was quaestor aerarii in a. d. 67, when Nero transfeired the charge of the public documents from the quaestors to the praeft>cli. lie was alain by Oalba, in Spain, on Ilia accesHon to the imperial throiie, a. d. 68. CToc. Ann. ziii. 28, Hist. i. 37.)

OCALEIA COmjAna), a danghter of Man- tineiu, and wife of Abas, by whom she became the mother of Acrisius and Proetua. (Apollod. ii. 2. § 1.) The Scholiast of Euripides (Oni& 953) calls her Aglaio. [L. S.]

O'CCIA, a vestal vii^n, who died in the reign of Tiberius, a., o. 19, after discharging the duties of her priesthood for the long period M fifty-seven years. (Tac. Ajm. iL 58.)

OCEA'NIDES. [NvMPiEAS.]

OCE'ANUS t'nJMOj^i), the god of the river Oeeanns, by which, according to the neat ancient notiona of the Greeks, the whole earth was sur- rounded. An account of this river belongs to mythical geogntphy, and we shall here confine oitrselves to descnbing the place which Ocennus holds in the ancient cosmogfiny. In the Homeric poems he appears as a mighty god, who yields to none save Ztm. {IL xiv, 245, xx. 7, xxi. 195.) Homer does not mention his parentage, but calls Tethys his wife, by whom he had three daughtors, Thetis. Eurynome and Pt-rse. (//. xiv. 302, xviii.

Od. X. \39.) His palncc is placed somewhere in the west {fl. xiv, ZQ'i, &c.), and there he and Tethys brought up Hera, who was conveyed to them at the time when Zeus was'engaged in Uie atniggle with the Titans. Henod (Tieo/i. 133, 337, 349, Sic) calls Oceamis a son of Uranus and Gaea, the eldest of the Titans, and the husband of Tethys, by whom he begot 3000 rivers, and as manv Occanides, of whom Heeiod mentions only the eldeaL (Comp. Apollod. iii. 8. g 1, 10. § 1.) This poet {Tbtoff. 282) also speaks of aonnea of Ocpanub Pe^eacDtatioiia o( the god m seen on

OCELLUS.

imperial coins of Tyre and Alexandria, (Hirt, Mfflhol. Biiderb. p. 149.) [L. 8.]

OCELLA, Ll'VIUS. [Galba, emperor, p. 206, k]

OCELLA, SE'RVIt7S,i«specUng whom Caetius tells Cicero that he was detected in adultery twice within three days. (Cic ad Fan. viii. 17, ii. 15.) This Oeella seems to be the same person as Cicem speaks of more than once during the dvil wan. {AdAtL X. 10,13,17.)

OCELLATAE, sisters and vesta! virgins, to whom the emperor, Domitlan, gave the choice o( the mode of their death, when they wen proved to have been nnfaithfdl to their vow of ehaatity. (Suet Dom. &)

OCELLI-NA, LI'VIA. [Oalba, p. 200, k]

OCELLUS or OCYLLUS ('awAAot, '0«A^ Aot), a Lacedaemonian, was one of the three am- bassadors who happened to be at Athens when Sphodrias invaded Attica, in R c. 378. They were apprehended as having been privy to his de- sign, but were released on their pointing out the gronndlaasDesa of the saspieion, and on th«r oasur- aneea that the Spartan govemmoit would be found to look with disapproval on the attempt of Spho- drias. In B. c. 369, we iiiid Ocellus again at Athena, as one of the ambassadors who were nego- tiating an' alliance between the Athenians and Spartans against Thebes. (Xen. HalL y. 4. §§ 22, Ac. vi. 5. §§33, dm. I comp. Diod. sr. 39, 63 ; Vht. Pelop. i4.) [E.R]

OCELLUS LUCA'NUS {"OKtXXm Atrntai-ds), as hie name inpltea, was a Lucanian, and a Pytha- gorean in some sense. There were attributed to him a work, IIc^l Nofwv, at on Law ; 9t(A |8a- ffiKtiat Kol daionfTOf, on Kingly Rule and Piety ; and irtfil ttji top anvrii ^tnof, on the Nature of the Whole, which last is extant, though whether it is a genuine work is doubtful, or, at least, much disputed.

Ocellaa is mentioned in a letter from Archytaa to Plato, which ia preserved by Dit^nes Laertins (viii. 80), and in this letter the works above men- tioned are enumerated. If the letter of Archytas is genuine, it proves that Ocellus lived some time befiire Archytas, for it speaks of the descendants of Ocellus. Nothing ia said in the letter about Ocellus being a Pythagorean. Lueian (Pro Laptu, &e. vol. i p. 1 29, ed. Hemst.) apeaks of Ocellus and Archytaa as acquainted with Pythaaoras, but we know that Archytas lived at least a hnndred years after Pythagoras, and Lucian's hiatwical &cta are seldom to be relied on. Ocellus is mentioned by still later writers, but their evidence determines nothing as to hia period.

As he was a Lucanian, Ocellus would write in the Doric dialect, and as the work attributed to him is in the Ionic, this has been made a ground for impugning its genuineness ; but so far from being an argument against the genuineness of the work, this is in its favour, and only shows that some copyist had altered tlie dialect Besides this, the fragments from this work, which Stobaeua cites, are in the Doric dialect It ia, however, alwajrs a doubtful matter as to early worka, which are fint mentioned by writers of a much later period, whether tbey are really genoine. If the existing woric is not genuine we mast suppose that when it was fitbricated the original was lost. It ia also possible that it is a kind of new moddled edition of the oi^inal ; and it is,|lao poaoihle that the

Digitized by VjOOg IC

OCItlSIA.

uttnt mk it the orignHd itaelf, whicb thv brevity uhI Hmple do«e nuoning lenda a probaUe «m-

TUa aaall tnatiM is divided into four ehapten. Tbe Gnt eiMpter showi that the whole (t^ ■'ar, or i tivitas) hod no beginnings and will have no ca^ He nuuDlains that it is connat^nt with bit Tvvtof tbe Comoa that men ban alwari existed, hitba^hniia that the Mrth b sabject u> great nrnhuioni, that Orvece (Hellas) has often been and will be haitian>u&, and that it has Bustained pat phTsicul changes. The object of the aezoal iaimiarse, he says, is sot pkasnre, bat the pro- matiaa of children and the petmanence of the hnan race. AccordiiiglT, the commerce of the sen* should be regulaurd by decency, moderation, and ceogmitv in the male and female, in order that healthy beings may be produced, and that families nay be hiqtpy ; for fismilies compose states, and if ihc pam are nnsnmid, so will the whole be. The bosk spptvs to ba a fiagmenL The phyucal ^nhnophy is erode and wntbleas, but the funda- nraial iinMM ue eleariy coneetved and happily exfnsaed.

The best editions are by A. F. W. Rudolphi, Lupai^, 1801 — 8, with copious notes and cora- aentama, and Inr Mullacfa ; the latter edition bcaia die title, ** Aristotelis de Melisso, Xenophane tt Ooigia Disputaciones cam Eleaticonim philoKo- phonmi FiBgmentis, et Ocelli Lucani, qui fertur, de uaivena natura libello." Berlin, 1846. There iiaaotber good edition by Batteux, Paris, 1768, three -vols. ISmo. An edition was published at Bectin, 1763. 8to^ by tbs Muquis d'ArgNis, with a Wench tnaslation, Ind a good conunenlary. Oceilas waa translated into English by Thomas IVrlor, 1831. 8yu. [G. L.]

b'CHIMUS ('Oxi/u>5\ a Rhodian king, a son of Helios aitd Rhodos. He was married to the symi^ Uegetoiia, and toe inther of Cydippe, who aianiMt Ochimos* brother Cercaphua. (Diod. t. U. 57 : Plat. <^umL Grate 37.) [L. &]

OCHUS. [Artaxxrxks IIT.]

OCNUS, a son of Tiberis and Manto, and the reputed founder of the town <tf Mantua, though accordii^ to othefs he was a blather or a son of ADjetes, and the founder of Cesena in Gaol. (Serr. mdAm.x. 198.) [L.S.]

a'CREA. a LU'SCIUS, a senator mentioned by Cicero in his speech for Kouiua, the actor (Cl4).

OCRI'SI A or OCLI'SI A. the mother of SerrinB Tnlbtts, according to the old Roman legwids. She waa OBO of the captires taken at the conquest of Orniculum by the Romans, and is consequence of her beaaty and modesty was given by Tarquinins M a handmaid to his queen, Tanaqnil. One day, in ihe royal [lalfu^p, when she was presenting some cakes as an o&dng to tbe household genius, she saw ia tbe fire the genttale of a man. Tanoquil oom- nandrd her to dress herself as a bride, aiid to shot bendf up alone in th« chapel, ia which the miracle had OGCutred. Thereopon she became pregnant by a god, whom some regarded as the Ijnr of the hrnan. ethen as Vnlcan. The offspring of this caBaeztMi was Servius Tiillias. The more prosaic BBBsont rrpmeota her as having been first the vife of ^mrios Tollins in CcHniculum or at Tibur, snd retateo that aflcr she was carried to Rome she nvried one of the clients of Tarquinins Priscus, y ' *^wna by him the mother of Sarrins Talliua

OCTAVIA-

(Uionya it. 1, 2 ; Ov. fiat. n. 635, Ac ; PHo. II. l\r. zzxvi. 37. B. 70; Featni, s.n. JVoMwn; Plut. ds ForL Ram. 10 ; Niebuhr, fiat ^Rtm^ vol. i. p. 364.)

OCTACI'UUS. [OtaCiuus.]

OCTAVE'NUS, a Roman jurist, who is cited by Valens (Dig. 36. tit 1. s. 67), by Pomponttts, whocon[des him with Aristo (Dig, 40. tit 5. a. 20), and by Panlus, who joina him with Proealoa (Dig. 18. tit 8. a. S), from which we may conclude that he lived after the time of Tiberius. It has been conjectured that he wrote on the Lex Julia et Papia, bat the passages alleged in proof of this (Dig. 23. tit 2. 3. 44. 40. tit 9. a. 32) are not decisive. He is also quoted by Utpian aud others. [O. L.]

OCTA'VIA, 1. The elder daughter of C. Octa- vius, pmetor, B. C. 6 1, by his tirst wife, Ancharia, and bi^f-sister of the emperor, Aognstufc (8net Ji^i.) Plutarch eiToneonaly mohea this Oetavia the wife of Marcellus and of M. Antonisa.

2. The younger daughter of C. Octavius, by hia aecood wife, Ada, and own lister of the emperor, Augustus, was married first to C Marcellus, consul, B. c 50, and subsequently to the triumvir, M. Antonios. (Suet I. c) Plutarch (Aniom. 81), aa has been remarttad above, makes the dder Octavia the wife of the triumvir ; and he has littely found a supporter of bis opiuian in Weichen {De Cassio Parmenai, p. 343, &c.), though aomo modem Khnlnrs, adopting tbe views of Perisoniua, have decided in lavour of the authority of Sue> tonius. The question is fiilly diaeussed by Dni- mnnn (Gexikhle Romt, voL it. p^ SSfi), wha adneres. on good reasons aa it appaara to na, to tlw opuiion of Perizonins ; but for the aigunenla adduced on each side of the question we maat refer the reader to Onimann.

Octavia bad been married to Marcellus before the year s. c 54, for Julius Caesar, who-was her great unete, was anxious to divorce her from Mar^ cellna that she might marry Pompey, who had then just Inst his wife, Julia, the only daughter of Caesar. (Suet Gaa. 27.) Pompey, however, declined the proposal, and Octavia's husband con- tinued to be one of the warmest opponents of Caesar. . [MARCKt,Lug, No. 14.] But after the battle of Pharsalin he sued for and easily obtained the forgiveness of the conqueror ; and Octavia appears to have lived quietly with her husliand at Rome till the ssaaMination of the dictator in b. c, 44. She lost her husband towards the latter end of B. c. 41 ; and as Fulvia, the wife of Antony, died about the aame time, Octavianus and Antony, who had lately been at variance, cemented their reconciliation by the marriage of Octavia to Antony. Octavia was at the time pregnant by her former husband, but the senate passed a decree by which she wai serniitted to marry at once. This mai^ nage cnused tha greatest joy among all classes, and e-pccially in the army, and was regarded aa a hai^ binger of a huting peitce. Octaviunus waa warmly attached to his sister, and she possessed all the charms, nccomplishments and virtues likely to fi» cniate the aflections and secure a lasting influenee over the mind of a husband. Her beauty waa universally allowed to be superior to tJiat of Cleo- patra, and her virtue was such as to excita even admiration in an aire of growing licentiousness and cormptton. Hlutarcb onlv expT«ftscs the feelinga

4

OCTAVIA.

OCTAVIA.

luuprdir yvyaiKii. (Pint, AnI, 31.) Nor at first did thu union diuppoinc public expevtation. By tin aide of OcUvia, Antony for a time forgot Cleo- patra, and the mimndentaudings and jealoiuies which had again omen betim'n ber brother and huiband, and which threatened an open rupture in the year 36, were removed by her influence and inten-eniion. But Antony had by thii time become tired of hia wife ; a virtuous woman eoon [jailed the uited appetite of such a profligate debauchee, and be now longed to enjoy obtain the wanton channi of hia former niiatreat, Cleopatra. The war with the Parthians nuinmuned him to the Kaftt, to which he went with all the greater pleacum, ai in the Katt he would again meet with the Ejtyptian queeiL Octavia accompanied him iroin Itidy aa far aa Corcyra, but upon arriving at that island he aent her iMck to her brotht^r. under the pretext of not exposing her to the perils aud hardships of the war (Dion Cass, xlviii. 54) ; though, according to otiier authorities, he parted with her iu Italy. (Plut. Ant. S5 ; Appiau. B. C V. 9&) On arriving in Asia, Antauy mwu fiiiigot, in the anus of CleopaUa, both his wife and the Parthians, and thus sullied both hia own honour and that of the Roman arms. Ociavia, however, resolved to make au etibrt tii regain the liwt atTec- tiona of her husband. In the following year, a. a 'ih, she set out &om Italy with reinforcements of men and money to aeiiat Antony in hia war agaiust .ArtavBidea, kmg of Armenia ; but Antony re- solved not to meet the woman whom he had so deeply injured, and accordingly sent her a message, when she bad arrived as far as Athens, requesting ber to letum home. Octavl-i obeyed ; she was great-minded enough to send hiiu tho money and troops, and he mean enough to accept them. It is stated that Octavianus hiid aupptied her with the troopa because h« foresaw the way in which Antony, would act, and was anxious to obutin additional grounds to justify him in the impending war. On ber return to Rome, Octavianus ordered her to leave her husband's house and cume and reside with him, but she refuted to do so, and would not appear as one of the causes of the war ] she ntmained in her husband*a abode, where she educated Antony's younger son. by Fulvia, with ber own children. (Plut. Ant. 53, 54.) But this uoUe conduct had no effect upon the faardeiied heart of Antony, who had become the complete slave of Cleopatra ; and when the war broke out in u. c 3'2, he sent his faithful wife a bill of divorce. After the death of Antony she still remained true to the inteivsts of his children, not- withstanding the wrongs she had recfived from their fotbH. For Julus. the younger son of Antony, by Fulvia, she obtained the special &vour of Augustus, and she even brought up with ma- ternal care his children by OU-i>patTa. She died iu w. c. 11, and was buried in the Julian htroum, where Augustus delivered the funeral oration in her honotir, but separated from the corpse by a hanging. Her funeral was a public one ; her ■ons-in-law carried her to the grave ; but many of the honours decreed by the senate were dediued bv the empenr. (Dion Cass. lir. 35 ; Seoec ud PqI^. 34.)

Octavia had five children, three by Marcellut, a •on and two daughtera, and two by Antony, botli dangfaten. Her sun, M. BlarceUua, waa adopted

OetHkluu, wia daatiucd to bo hii BucGceagr,

but died in B. c. 23. [Marcellug, No. 15.] Of her two daughters by her former husband, one wns nutrried to M. Agrippa, and subsequently to JuUu Aoloniua [Mahvklla], but of the late ^ t^ie other daughter we bare no information. The desceud- anta of her two daughtera by Antonius succvs* fiiveiy ruled the Roman world. The elder of them married L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, and becamo the granduiother of the emperor Nero ; the younger of them married DruKus, the brother of the emperor Tiberius, and became the mother of the emperor Claudius, and the grandmother of the emperor Caligula, [Antuma, Nos. 5 and 6.] A complete view of the descendant! of Octavia u given in the sterania on p. 7.

(The authorities for the life of Octavia are collected by Drumann, G*scUAi» Romt, voL v, ppw 235 — 244. The most important passages are Appian, B. C. r. 64. 67, S3, ."JS, 138 ; Dion Cass, xlvil 7. xlviii. 31, 54, xlix. 33, L 3, 26, li. 16. liv. 35 ; Pint. Anl. 31, 33, 35, 57, 59, 87 j Suot. Ota. 27, Ji9.4,61.)

One of the most ini [xiiiant pnbl ic buildings erect«>d in Rome in the reign of Augustus was called after Octavia, and bore the name of Portictu Octaviae. It must be carefully distinguished from the Porlica* Ociavia, which was built by Cn. Octavius, who commanded the fieet iu the war against Perarus, king of Macedonia. [OcTAVlua, No. 3.} The former was bnilt by Augustus, in the name of his sister, whence some writers speak of it as the work of the emperor, and others as the work of Octavia, It lay between the Circus Plnraiuius and the theatre of Marcellus, occupying the same site as the porticua which was built by Q. Caecilius iAa- tellus, after his triumph over Miu:edonia, in u.c. 146 [MKTEI.LUS No. 5], and enclosing, aa the porticua of Metcllua had done, the two temples of Jupiter titator and of Juno. Thu Porticus Octaviae cojitained a public library, which frequently served as a place of meeting for the senate, and is hence called Curia Octavia. Thewholesuiteofbuildiujjs is sometimes termed Oelaviae Opera^ It contum-d a vast number of stames, paintings, and other valuable works of art, but they were all destroyed, together with the libmry, by the fire which con sumed the building in the reign of Titus (Uiim Cass. Ixvi. *24). There is tome doubt at to the time at which Augustus built the Porticua Out-iviae. It ia usually stated, on the authority of Dion Cuakiiis (xlix. 43), that the building vius erected by Octavianus, after the victory over the Dalnmtiaiiii, in b. c. 33 ; but this appears to be a mistake ; for Vitruvius, who certainly did nut write his work so early as this year, still hpei^ls (iii. 2. § 5,ed. Schneider) of the Porticus Metelli, and we learn from Plutarch (Mat-e. 30) that the dedication at all events of the Porticus did not take plnce till after the death of M. Murcellus in u. c. '.^.l. (VelL Pat. i. 11 ; Dion Cass- xlix. 43 ; Plut. i.e.; Liv.iJ/«i. i38; Saet.^u^r.SJI; Plin. //. .V. xxxvi, 4. s. 6 ; FestuB, p. 173, od. MiUler ; Becker, Hmdi'

ctwt or oCTAVUt nut ui^ut of aububtub*

Digitized by VjOOglC

OCTAVTA.

bri irr Rimiteiem Allertiiimer, vol. i. pp. 608 —

1 Th#' dniishw of th« emperor Clnndiun, by thinl sif«, thr notnrioii* ViileriB MeMalinn, rtt iboDt A. D. 42 ; lincf Tnciini, (peaking htr drath in a. D. 62. mya that the wni then in tia mntieth year of her age. (Tac. Aim. xiv. <H ) She *M called Octaria after her great grond- Knirtt the Mster of AuEnstus [No. 2]. As early u 'Jk year 48, Octavia was betrothed by Claudius ii> L SlanoA. a youth of distinguished family and ■Mich beioTt^ by the people ; but Agrippina, who b-J lecnred the afFectloni of the weak-minded Caadins reoolved to prevent the marriage, in rnirr that llctATin niiuht mnrry her own (fin [tunittDs. aftern-nrds the emperor Nero. She hnd T'l tlirfini^ty in renderin;; Silnnus an objtvt of F-*p-i;oD to Claudius ; and aa SilanuB saw that he Km domned. he put an end to his life at the u-r nninfr of the fnllowin; year (a. a. 49), on the <rry day on which Claudius was married to .\rnppina. Octa^ia wa* now betrothed to the T.,uTit; Ihnnitius. bat the maniage did not take p<uE till A. D. 53, the year before the death of (.'iudiua, when Nero, a* he was now called, having Utb adopted by Claudiaa, was oaly sixteen yean sf and Octaria bnt eleren. (Tac Ann, xii. jo.) SoetoDiaa, with leas probability, places the tmrriage aiill earlier (Ner. 7). Nero from the hnt iterer liked his wife, and soon after his suc- tn-ion ceased to pay her any attention. Ha was fnt eaptirated by a freedwomnn of the name of Acte, wbo shortly after had to give way to Poppnea Sabina, the wife of Otho, who was ofterwiirds Mnperar. Of the latter he was so enamoured that be resitlred to rvcognize her as his legal wife ; and wonlingly in a. t>. 62 be divorced Uctavia on the ■lifted ground of sterility, and in sixteen days sfier married Poppnea. But I'oppnea, not sntisiied viih obtaining the place of Octavia, induced one of tk* semnts of the tatter to accuse her of adultery with a ilare ; bnt most of her slaves when put to the tortnre peraisted in maintaining the innocence «f ibeir mittreaa. Notwithstanding this the was fnlered to leare the city and retire to Campania, vheie she waa placed under the surveillance of Mldien ; bnt in conscqnence of the complaints and marman of the people, Nero recalled her to Home, Tn« people celebrated her return with the moot Bnhonnded joy, which, however, only sealed ber nin. Poppam again worked upon the passions and the bars of her husband ; Anicetue was in- dnied to confess that he had been the paramour of finam ; and the nnbappy giri ivos thetenpon iraoved to the little island of Paudntario, where ihe was shortly after pat to death. The scene of W death ia painted by the masterly hand of Tscitss. She feared to die ; and as her terror was M tmt that the blood would not llow from her veins after they were opened, she wa* carried into 1 Wh and sdfled by the vapour. It !■ even added that her head was cut olf and sent to Rome to flat ibe vengeance of Poppaea. Her untimely end eiciled general commiseration. (Tac ^na. xi. 32, liu 2— it, 58, xilL 1 2, xiv. 60—64 ; Suet Claud. 27, A>r.7,3A ; Dion Caas. Ix. 31.33, lxi.7, Ixii. 13.) Hctivia it the heroine of a tragedy, found among the wwks of Seneca, but the author of which more probably Curiatiui* Mntemns. See thfana Prat/Urin. CWn'utin Moixmo vimdicaL •^it P. RiOrr, Bonnae, 1843.

OCT.WIA OKNS. &

COIN OF- OCTAVIA, THE WIFS OF NZRO.

OCTA'VIA GENS, celebrated in birtory nq ncrount of the emperor Aupiisins beloncinR' to iL It wn> n plebeian gens, ami is not mentioned till the year n. c, 230. whi-n Cn. (ktivius Ruhw ob- tiined the quae^iorship. This Cn. Octavins left two snns, CneiiiH and Cniii*. The descendants of Cneim helil many of the hijjher mngistmcies, and his sou obtained the cnnsiilaliip iu b. c 105 ; but the doMx^ndants of Caiii*, from whom the emperor Augustim spmng, did not rife to any importince. but continued simple equite^ and the first of them, who was enrolled among the senatora, was the father of Augustus. The gens originally come from the Volscian town of Velitme, where there was a street in the most frequented part of th« town, and likewise nn altar, both, bearing the name of Octayius (Suet Aug. I, 2 ; Veil. Pal. ii. 59 ; Dion Cass. xiv. 1 ). This is all tbnt can be related with certainty respecting the history of this gens ; but as it became the fashion towards the end of [he republic for [he Roman nobles to trace their origin to the gods and to tlio heroes of olden time, it was natural that a family, which became connected with the Julia cena. and from which the emperor Augustus sprang, should have an ancient and nnblc orif^in assigned to it Accord- ingly, wo re.id in Suetonius {Aufi. 2) that tha members of this gens received the Roman franchise from TarquiniuB Prisciis, and were enrolled among the patricians by his successor Serviua Tullins ; that they afterwards passed over to the plebeians, and tbnt Julius Caesar a long while afterwards con- ferred the patrician rank upon them again. There is nothing improbnbie in tliis stutcment by itself ; but since neither Livy nor Dionysina make nny mention of the Octavii, when they speak of Vclilrac, it IS evident that they did not believe the tale ; and since, moreover, the Octavii are nowhere mentioned in history till the latter half of the tbird century before tho Christian aera, we may safely reject the early origin of the gent. The name of Oclavina, however, was widely sprejid in Latium, and ia found at a very early time, of which we have an example in the rate of Octavius Mamilius, to whom Tarquinius Superbus g^ive his daughter in marriafie. The name was evidently derived from the pnirnomeu Octivus, just as from Quintus, Sexlua, ond Sep- timus, came the gentile names of Quintiut. Sex- tiua, and Septimiiis. In the times of the rejuiblic none of the Octavii, who were descended from Cn. Octavius Riifus, bore any cognomen with the exception of Rufui, and even this surname is rarely mentioned. The itemma on pn_'c 7. exhibits all the descendants of Cn. Octnviut Rufiit. The detcendnnts of the emperor Au- gustus by bis daughter Julia are given in Vnl. I. p. 430, and a list of the descendants of hit sistci Octavia is annexed here ; to that the two toge- ther present a complets view th^ i)^<:<'jnql

8

OCTAVIUS:

OCTAVIUS.

bmily. la omiMqueiice of the intcnnarrinftea in this bnuly, put of this stemma repeau a poition of th« Btemma in Vol. I. p. 430, and also of the ■temiBa of the Dmiii fj^veit ia Vol. I. p. 1076 ; but it is thought better for the sake of donmess to make this repetitiaiL

There ars a vew other persons of the name of OetaTii, who wen not descended from Cn. Octavius Rafiis, or wboH descent cannot be tiaced. Most of them bore co^^omens under which thpy are givenv namely, Balbus, Ligue, A^asus, Naso: those who have no cagnomena are giren under Octavins aftn the descendants of Co. Oetarios Rufus.

OCTAVIA'NUS. [AuoiTBTUR]

OCTAVIUS. 1. Cn. OcTAViue Rupusqones- tnr about b. c. 230, may be regarded na the founder of the family. [Octavia Gens.] Suetoniiu calls him CaiuB ; but this is probably a mistake, as Dnmmnn has remarked, unce the name of his eldest son was Cneius, and it was the rule among the Romans for the eldest son to inherit the prae- nomen of his father. (Suet. Aug, 2.)

2, Cn. OcTAViUB, son of the preceding, was plebeian aedile in B. c 206 with Sp. Lucretius, and was with him elected to the prutorship for the following year, a c. 205. Octavius obtained Sar^ dliiia as hia prorince, and captnred off the island eighty Cai-thaginian ibips of burden. In the fol- lowing year, B. c. 204, he handed over the pro- Tince to his successor Tib. Claudius, but bis impe- rinm was extended for another year, and he was commanded by the senate to keep watch orer the coiuts in those parts with a fleet of forty ships. He WHS also employed in this year iu carrying to the Itnman army in Africa supplies of provisions and clothes. Next year. B. c. 203, hia command was again prolonged, and the protection of the coasta of ^rdinia was again' entnisted to him ; and while he was employed* as he had been in the preceding year, in carrying supplies to Africa, he was aur prised off the coast of Africa by a fearful storm, which destroyed the greater part of hia fleet, con- stating of 200 transport vessels and 30 ships of war. Octavius himself, with tlie ^ips of war, ob- tained shelter under tbe promontorj of Apollo. Octavius was present at the battle of Zama, in B.C. 202, and Scipio placed so much confidence in him that he commanded him afler the battle to march upon Carthage with the land forces, while he him- self blockaded the harbour with the fleet. In B.C. 201 Octavius returned with part of the fleet to Italy, and handed over to the propraetor, M. Valerius Iioevlnus, thirty-eight ships for the pro- secution of the war against Philip of Macedon. But he was not long allowed to remun inactive. In B. c 200 he was sent into Africa as one of the three ambessodoiB to Carthage MasinisM, and Vemi)na,theson of Syphax. In B.C. 194 he was one of the commiseioners for founding a colony at CrotoD in Soutbem Italy, and two years after- ^vards, a. a 192. just before the breaking out of the war with Antiocbua the Great, he was sent into Greece in order to support the Roman interesU in those parts. < Liv. xxviii. 38, 46, xxix. 13, 36, zzx. 2, 24, 36, xzxi. 3, 1 1, zxxiv. 4£, xxxt. 33, XxxvL 16. J

S. Cn. OcTAVms, son of No. 2. In the winter of B. c. 170 he was sent into Greece as ambassador, with C. Popilliua Laenas, and on bis return to Home in 168, he was elected one of the deeonviri

sacronim. He was praetor in ac 168, and had as his province the commtind of the fleet in the war affftinet Perseua. After tbe defeat of Perseus at Pydna, by the consul Aemilius Paulina, Octavius soiled to Ssmothrace. where tbe king had taken lefiige. Poseus sonendered himedf to OctaTius, who ^emipon eondacted him to the oinsnl at AmfAipolis. In the following year, 167, Oetaviue sailed to Rome with the booty which had been gained in the war. and on the lat of December, in that year, he obtained the honour of a naval triumph. (Lit. xliii. 17, zUt. 17, 18, 21.35, xW. 6, 6, 33 ; Pdyb. xzviii. 8, 5 ; VelL Pat. i. 8 ; Pint. AemiL PamB. 36 ; Plin. H.If. zxxiT. 8. a. 7l Featus, >. «. Oekmae.)

The wealth which Octavius had obtained in Greece enabled him to live in great splendour on hia return to Rome. He built a magnificent house on the Palatine, which, according to Cicero (de Off. i. 39), contributed to his election to die oonsnlslii^ and he also erected a beautiful porticns, which is spoken of below. He was consul with T. Manlius Torquatus in a c. 1&5, being the first member of his fiimily who obtained this dignity. In b,c. 16'2 OctaTine was sent with two eolUagiet into Syria, which was in a state of great confusion in conse- qnence of the contentions for the guardianship of the young king Antiochua V. ; and the Ronuuia therefore considered ft a fiivourable opportunity for enforcing the terras of the peace made with An- tiochuB the Great, by whidi die Syrian monareha were prevented from having a fleet and rearing elephants. But this emfaaKjr coat Getarins hia life, for he was assassinated in the gymnasinm at Laodiceia, by a Syrian Greek of the name of Lep- tinea, at the instigation, as was supposed, of Lysiaa, the guardian of the young king. [Lbptinbs.] A statue of Octavius was placed on the roatn at Rome, whete it was in the time of CicerOh (Terent. Uns^. titol. ; Cic. de Pi^. L 7, PWiifp. vu 2 ; Obaeqa 72 ; PolyK zxxi. 12; 13, 19—21 ; Ap- pian, Syr. 46 ; Plin. H. N. xoiv. 6. a. 11, who confounds the lost embassy of Octavius with a different one : comp. Laznas, No. 5.)

The porticuB erected by Cn. Octavius was called PorGem (Jelaoia, and must he carefully distin- guished from the Portiaa OctavioA, built by An- giiatuB in the name of hisaister. [Octavia.No. 2.] The former was near the theatre of Pompey, by the Flaminian circus. It contained two rows of columns of the Corinthian order with brazen capi- tals, and was hence also called the Porticus Conn* thia- It was rebuilt fay Augustus, who allowed it to retain its ancient name, but it appears to have been destroyed, or to have perished in some way, l>efore the time of Pliny, as he speaks of it only from what he had read. (Veil Pat. IL 1 ; Festus, A «. Oetmiae ; Plip. H. N. zxziv. 3. s. 7 ; Mom- menbm AmyranmH, p. 32. 1. 43, &c.,ed.-Ftanuaa, Berol. 1845 ; HUller, Prv^itia ad Futwm, p. xxix. ; Becker, MmiiA Atlfrtkilim, voL L p. 617.)

4. Cn. Octa vnis, son of No. S, was ctmaul a c 128, and was accustomed to >p«ftk in the coons of justioe. (Cic. de OraL i. 36.)

6. M. Octavius, may be, as Dmmano has stated, a younger son of No. 3, so far as the dme at which he lived is ooncemed, but no ancient writer apeaks of Mm as hia son. It would appear from Obseqnena (c. 130) that he bore the surname of Caedna, but the leading is perlun fital^> He Digitizeo by xjOOQlL

OCTATIUS.

OGTAVIU&

STfiHHA OCTAVIORUM. I. Cb. Octeviiu HoAii, qiuwstinv B. c. 2S0.

2. Cb. Octkriu,

g^tor, blc.

8. Cn. Octerhu, flOI.BLC.16&

11. C OetMiui,

T

12. aOcbniiUi trib.ii]iL&<l216

1& C. UctaTiu,

equ. Rom.

t Cn.

a.c 138.

1 Co. OcteriDs, L L. OcUTiut,

5. M. Octariua, tnb.pl.B.c.133.

7. U. OciariiUi Uib. pL

9. Cn. Octeviiu, cot.B.c. 76.

10. M. OctBTiii% MdiL B.a6IL

16. OMavia

U. C Octanui, prMtor,&afil, maiTMd

1. Anoharia,

2. AtiB.

16. Octavia minat, m.

1. C Marcelliu,

CM. B.C. 50.

2. U. Aotoniaa,

trininnr. (For ber ofliquuig

17. C. Octaritu, afterwards the emperor Augustus married 1. Clodia, S. Scribonia, 8. Livia. I

Julia. (For h«r offspring •ee Vol I. p. 4 30.)

SBBCBNDANTS OW OCTAVU*

QcM*Ul

*.M. Mmi,

I.B.'llaartWk «.lf«4ai>4«> S-HmmO* 1. AMoola'iDtinc,

1. M . Vipwriiu A«rtPpL 1. JbImh AiiCDnLiu, I ikaMBatli. I

— fr t 1. Co. OonHtaa t-Ownllto. S. DmiUa

CM. A. B. an, Crims ID. IB. Va.

L, Sooiiiu AboMtartN^

u. I. OcUtU. 1. Pspvu.

1. AoHofamtM m. DnMiu.ih*

I

1. Gtmumlnu, t. LItI^ 3. T]m

muTted Bunled Ci^irsttl.

Antpptm, di. I.e. tuuT. m t.PIiuUi atJalUite t<I>iMu>,Ma Utnbnllla. dMKhiwif iTTltatUu. i. Adu

AVBKUb ' I PMlfau.

I S. VaMa

Jnlli, 4. Airtnila^

m.M*, Ma. a. A. iMiinrC a«^rw<f DniMMrf t.UtU

- unu *.ri III

A. DnrilU. «. Jidia UiMa. A«BdlM

By pMtlna.

AntoBU, kHMbf Nank

t.ODM>H

Digrtized by

Go«c>gIe

« OCT AVI us.

VM tlie eolleagne of Tib. Oiacchu* in the tribnnAte of the plebB, s. a 133, and opposed his tribunitinn TeUi to the passing of the Bgmrian latf. The hi»- wry of his opposition, and tho way in which he wu in enueqaence depoied from hit ofBce br Tib. OrMchnt, in fnlly detailed in die life of the latter. [Vol II. p. 292, a.] Octavins is naturaHy either praised or blamed according to the different rtews enterurined by persona of the laws of Gracchns. Cicero (Brut. 25) calls Octavius cms w rebvt op- timit coMston/tsttmui, and pniiset him for his akill in speaking. We leara from Plntarch that Ocin- vins was a personal friend of Gmcchus, and thnt it was with considerable relnctanco that the nobles persuaded him to oppose his friend, but to this «oune ha was probablv alao prompted by posseuing K laiga tract of pnUie land. Plutarch likewise adds that thoogh Octaviui and Gnuchui opposed one another with great earnestness and rivalry, yet they are siud never to hare uttered a dispnmging word against one another. (PluL Tib. Gracck. 10.) Dion Cassius, on the contmry, says {Fmgn. 87, ed. Reimarus) that Ocuvias oppoeed Gracchus of hia own aooord, through jealousy springing frotn their Eelntionship to one anther: and that they wen related in some way may also be inferred from another passage of Plutarch {C. Gracck. 4), from which we learn that C. Gnechns dropped a measure directed against Octavins at the request of his mother Octavia.

6. Cs. OctaTiub, son of No. 4. He was one of the staunch snpporters of tbe eristoeiatical party, which was perhaps the reason that he fiiiled in ob- taining the aedileship. (Cic pro Piano. 21.) He was consul in r c, 87 with L. Cornelius Cinoa, the year after the consulship of Siilin and the banish- ment of Mnriiia and his leading partisAns. Sulla waa now absent in Greece, engaged in the war against Mithridates, and upon Octavins, therefbn, devolved the support of the interests of his party. Immediately after Sulla's departure from Italy, Ciiina attempted to obtain the power for the Ma- rian party by incorporating the new Italian cituena among the ^irty-fire tribea. Octavins offered tbe tnoit vehement resiHtAnce, and^ tn the contentions which ensued, he displayed an amount of eloquence for which previously credit Imd not been given him, (Cic Brut, 47.) But from words the two parties soon came to blows. A dreadful conflict took place in the forum, and Cinna was driven but of the city with great slaughter. The senate fat- lowed up their victory by depriving Cinna of his eonanlship, and appointing L. Cornelius Menihi in his stead. But Cmna soon collected a considerable army, with which he marched against Rome, and Marias, as soon as be heard of uiese changes, re- turned from Africa and levied some troops, with which he likewise )troceoded against the dty. The soldiers of Octavius seem to have had no confidence in their general, and therefore olfered to place themanlves under the command of Metellus Pius, who had bcpn summoned to Rome by the senate. [Mrraixva, No. 19.] Bnt when Metellns re- fused to take the command, and numbers of the soldiers therefore deserted to the enemy, the senate had no other course left them but submission, Metellus fled from the city, and the friends of Oc- tavius bfgged him to do the tame ; but, trusting to the promiwa of Marina and Cinna, and still mors to tho ■noraneee of the diviners, that he would taftc no harm, bo nmained in Rome, de-

OCTAVIUS.

daring that being consul he would not abandon hi* country. Acconiingly, when the troops of Marius and Cinna began to march into the city, he sta- tioned himself on the Janicnlum, with the soldiers that still nmained ftuthfal to him,and then, seated on his cumle throne, was killed by Censorinna, who had been leilt tiit that pnrpoae by the victo- rious party. His head was cut off and suspended on the rostnu This is the account of Appian, but the manner of his death is related somewhat diSe- rently by Plutarch. Octavius eeemt, upon the whole, to have been an npright man, bnt he was very superstitions, alow in action and in council, and did not possess remarkable abilities of nnv kind". (Appian. It- C. I 64, 68—71 ; Plut. A/or. 41, 42 ; Val. Max. i. 6. 1 10 i Dion Cass. Frtu^, 117, 118, ed. Reiraarua; Liv. ^vO. 79,80 ; Flor. iii. 21. § 9 ; Cku ta OO. iii. 10, d» llanm. Refp. 24, Philipp. xiii. 1, ziv. 8, TnciU. v. 19, pro Se»t. 36, de IHvin. \.%dt Not Door. ii. 5.)

7. M. UcTAVius, described byXlicem as Cn. f., must be the younger son of No. 4. In his tribu- nate of the plebs, the year of which is not stated, he brought nrword a law for raising the price at which com was sold to the people by the Frnmcn- taria lex of C. Gmcchus, since it was found thai the treasury was quite drained by the law of Gmc- chus. Cicero attributes the enactment of the law to the influence and eloquence of OcLivius, al- though he adds that he was, property speaking, not im orator. (Cic. ds ii. 21, Brat. 62.) Thia M. Octavius should be canfiiliy dtstinguishfti from the M. Octavins who was tlie colleague of Tibi OfacchuB. [See No. fi.]

8. L. OcTAviUB Cn. r. Ctt. v. (Fiuti Capil.), the son of No. 6, was consul b.c. 75 with C. Au- relius Cottn. He died in B. c. 74, ai proconsul of Cilicia, and was succeeded in the command of tho province by L. Lucullus. (Cic. Verr. i. SO, iii. 7 ; Obsequ. 121 ; Plut. LuculL 6.) Many writras confound this L. Octavius with L. Octaviua Balbus, the jurist. [Balbus, p. 458.]

9. Cn. OfrrAVins M. r. Cn. n. {FiuH Cfapsf.), son of No. 7, was consul a. c 76, wiUi C Scri- bonius Curio. He is described as a man of n mild temper, although he was a martyr to tbe gout, in consequence of which he appears to have lost the use of his feet. As an omtnr he was of little account. (Cic Brut. 60, 62, de Fim. ii. 28 ; Sail. HiA iu pL 205, ed. Oerl. min. ^ Obieq. 121.)

10; M. OctaTids Cn. p. M. n. (Cic, ad Fam. viti. 2. S 3), the son of No. 9. He waa a friend of Ap. Claudius Pulcher, consul ac 54, and accom- panied the latter into Cilicia, but left the province before Claudius in order to become a candidate for the aedileship. He was curate aedile b.c. 50 along with M. (^lina ; and as both of then wen frtenda of Cicero, they begged the mtor, as he was then in Cilicia, to send them panthers for the games they had to exhibit (Cic ad Fam. iii. 4, ad AU. V. 21, vi. 1. § 21.) On die breaking out of the civil war in a C. 49, Octavius, true to the here- ditary principles of his family, espoused the aris- tocratiod party. He was Appointed, along with L. Scriboniua Libo, to the conintand of the Libur- nian and Achaean fleets, serving as legate to M. Bibulos, who had the supreme command of the Pompeian fleet. He and Iiibo did good service to the cause ; they defeated DoUbeila on tho Illyiiao roast, and compelled 0. Antontus to sanender at the island of CorieU(Caaa. B.C iii. 5; DionCaas.

Digitized by Google

OCTAVIUS.

OCTAVIUS.

9

iK. 40; FloiT^ K. % § 3i ; Oro». H lA.) Oc- mint tftemrda proceeded to &ttaclc the town of SolooM in Dxlnniia, bnt was mpulsed with con- iidcaUe IcM, and thcrenpon joined Ponipcy nt DrnfaieiiiiaB. After tlie batUc of PhftrudiA. DniTiDA, who still possessed a considemble fleet, •M ml for lUyriconi with the hope of securing it ior the Pompciu party. At first ha met with pm atecM, and defeated Gabiniu^ who hal

srat by Caesar iuto Ulyricam with leinforce- ncau fbc the anny, which was already there ; in he was tonn afterwards driven out of the awnay (a. c. 47) by Comificius and Vatiniua, loi cnD{riled to fly to A£ricii, » h'ere the Porapeiaii pvtj wtn making a stand. (Hirt, B. Aler. 42 —

Dioa Cass. xiii. 11.) A^r the buttle of rufMu (B.C 46), OctaTtus was in the nei^fh- roMrhoad of Utkn in coroinand of two legions, nnd c-vard to iutrt the SDpreme command with Cntn, I Cat. sun. 65.) He ii not mentioned agniii liie battle of Actinm (b. c. 31), when he monunded along with M. Insteius the middle of Astooy's fleet. (Plat. Ant. 66.)

11. C. OcTaviut, the yoanger son of No. I, ud the ancestor of Augustus, remained a ilmple Romsn e^Dei, without attempting to rise any ^hrr in the state. (SueL Atiff. 2; VelL Pat.

12. C. OcTTAviua, son of the preceding, nnd pest-giandfiuber of Aii|putu*, lired in the time of the Mceod Panic w«r, in which h« serred ai iribane of the soldien. He was present at the fatal laule of Cannae (b. c. 216), and was one of the

who tarriTed the en^igenient. When the Cvthtftinian* were forcing into the lesser (toman amp, OctavitH and another tribune, Sempronius Tsditanaa, ent their way through the enemy, with s ftw loldtert, and arrived in safety at Canusium, (Fraetin. tHroL i*. 5. § 7 ; comp. lAv. xxii. fi'J.) (Jcarin> also served in Sicily under the praetor UAcBilins Papua (B.C. 205^ but what part he tiwk in the otMr campnigns in the war is not Mttoned. When M. Antonini wished to throw ctntffgpt apon Angustua, he called this C. OctA\-ius s ^vtdman and a rope-maker {ralio\ but whether he V his hmily ever had any thing to do with a Basabctofy of xopei^ ia quite UDcerUun. (SueL

llC.OOTATiDa, (On of the preceding^ and pmdkthtt of Angastus, lired quietly at his villa It VcKtra^ eontent with the municipal honours of ^ Mti*e town, and not aspiring to the dignities <if the Roman slate. He possessed considemble fffHv, which he probably augmented hy money- iniding, since Antoniua and Cassius Parmensis <^led AngBitDS tlie grandson of a hanker or BOMj^lenden (Suet. Aiiff. 2, 4, 6.)

I4. C OcTATiu^ son of the preceding and ^tbfr of Augustas, was likewise said by the <s<Bies of Augustus to have been a money-lender, *>d Is hare beea employed in the Campus Martius *mt of the ^nts fbr bribing the electors. But is pnhably no tmth in these reports. The '■^kn him by his father eiubled him, without '■Anhy, 10 obtain the piUilic offices at Rome, tlili>iB;h be was the first ot his &mily who had **F'fd Id thno. We team from an inscription, *|"^ >• givea below, that he was successively tihsDs of the Mldicrs twice, qiaestor, plebeian ■Hile vith C. TonuiiuB, judex qaaeatioBum, and PMsr. Of hit hialDfy up to the time of his

I pmetorship we have no further information ; we are only told that he lilled the previous dignities with grcnt credit to hinibelf and obtained a repu- tation for integrity, ability, and uprightness, Velleius Puterculus chnmcteriies him (ii. 5d) as gravis, taniias, innixwis, and divet, and adds that the estimation in which he was held gained for him, in marriage, Atia, the daughter of Julia, who was the sister of Julius Caesar. Thus, altheugb a ntmu homo, he was chosen first praetor in & c. 6), and dischnrged the duties of his office in lo ndminible a manner that Cicero recommends him

05 a model to his brother Quiniiis. (Cic. ad Qt. F, i. 1. § 7-) III the following ycHf he succeeded C. Antonius in the govemmi^nt of Afacedoni^ with the title of proconsul, and on his way to his pro- vince he cut to pieces, in the Thuriiie district, in consequence of orders from the senate, a body of runaway Hlnws, who had been gathered together for Catiline, and had previously belonged lo tho army of ypartocus. He admiiiisterod the alTairs of his province with equnl iiitcgritv and energy. Tho manner in which he treated tfie provincials wni again recommended by Cicero as an example to his brother Qiiiotui. He touted the Bessi and some other Thracian tribes, who had disturbed the pence of the province, and received in consequence tho title of iiiiperator from his troops. He relumed to Italy nt the latter end of b. c 59, in full expectation of being elected to the coasnlsbip, bnt he died suddenly at the beginning of the following year,

6 c. 58, at Nola, in Campania, in the very same room in which Augn^tus afterwords breathed his last. OctaviuB was married twice, first to An- charia, by whom he had one daughter [Ancharia], and secondly to Atia, by whom he had a daughter and a son [Atia]. His second wife, and bis three children, survived him. (Suet. Aug. 3, 4 ; Nicnl, Damasc. Vit. Augutt c, 2, ed. Drelli ; Veil. Pat ii. 59 i Cic. ad Alt. ii. I, (hi Qu. F. I I. § 7, ii. 2. § 7, PkUipp. iii. 6 ; Tac. Ana. i. 9.) The following is the inscription which has been above referred to :—

C OCTAVIVS. CP. C, N. CP. H<VFVs). PATRIt AVOVBTI. TR. MIL. BtK. Q. AKD. PL. CVU. C.TO* ANHi, IVDXX aVAXSTKlNVW. PR. PHOCOS. IHFBRATOn APPELLaTVS KX PROvtvCIA MAC8DUXIA.

Id. OcTAViA, the elder daughter of No. 14, b7 Ancharia. (Octavia, No. i.J

16. OcTAviA, the younger daughter of 14, by .^tia. [OiTAViA, No. 2.]

17. C. Oltavius, the son of No. 14, by Atia, was subsequently allied C. Julius Caesar Octa- vianus, in consequence of his adoption by his grent- uncle, C. Julius Caesar. The senate, at a later period, conferred upon him the title of Augustus, under which name his life is given. [Atrotwrrn.] .

Itt. Cn. Octaviuh Rupus, quaestor, b. c. 107, was sent into Africa with psiy for the army of Marius, and returned to Rome, accompanied by the ambassadors, whom Bocchus sent to the senate. i^VJug. 104.) The cognomen in most of tho MSS. of Sallust is /fiuo, for which, however, we ought probably to read Rufiu, as the former cog- nomen is unknown in the Octavia gens. From the fact that this Cn. Octavius filled tho office of quaestor, it is not impossible that he may be the same Cn. Octavius, who was consul & c. U7. [See above, No. S.]

19. L. Octavius, a legate of Pompcy in the war i^inat the pirates, h. c. 67, wns sent by Pompey into Crete to receive the submission at

Digitized by VjOOg IC

1U

ODATIS.

the Cretan towns, and to •tip«nede Q. Metetlui Vmiem in the cbmrnand of the iaknd. (Dion Out. xzxTi I, 2 ; Plut. Pomp. 29.) For ^her detuli MS Metillds, No. 23, 1064.

20. L. OcTAVKW, detected in adultery hj C Memmiiu, and punished b; him. (VaL Max. n. 1-813.)

21. P. OcTAVltra, a noted epieots in the reign •f Tiberiu, who oatbid eren Apieina in the nun which be gare for a mnUet that nberiu had ordered to be sold. (Senee. EpitL S5.)

22. OcTAViua OnARCiNua, one of the f^nenli oF Sertorius, in Spain, distinguithed himMlf in the first battle fought between Pompey and Sertorius, near the town of Lauron, b. c. 76. He afterwards Moed the cooipinuy of M. Perpema, b; whidi Beitorias perished, a c. 72. (Fhmtin. SivL ii. 6. S 31 ; Pint. Sstt 26.)

23. M. OcTAViue Labnas Curtianus, one of the distinguished men who lui^licated the judges on behalf of M. Seaoms, & c. A4. (Aaeon.

Sarar. 29, ed. OrellL)

34. 0. OcrATiOB Lainas, cantor of the aqnaedncts In Rome, in the reigns of ^berins and Caligula from A. D. 34 to A. n. S8. (Frondn. Aqwud. § 102.)

25. SBK.OcTAViufiLAaNAaPo]!mAN08,conniI with M. Antoniiu Rufiona, in the reign of Hadrian, A. D. 131. (FastL)

26. OcTAViua Rdfus was a &iend c€ the younger PUdj, who addresses two letters to him, ia which he presses OcMvius to publish the poems he had oompoied. (PJin. Ep. I 7, ii- 10.) In another letter (ix. 88} Pliny pfusei a work of one Rufiu, who tnay, periiqa, be the mhw as this Octarius RnfiiB.

OCTATIUS FRONTO. [Pronto.]

OCTA'VIUSHERE'NNIUS. [HsRaNNiin].

OCTA'VIUS HORATIA'NUS, [Pribcianws, Thxodorus.)

OCTA'VIUS LAEMAS. [Octavius, Na 22, 38.]

OCTA'VIUS LAMPA'DIO. fLAf^Aoro] OCTA'VIUS MAMI'LIUS. [Mamilius.] OCTA'VIUS SAGirriV, [Saoitta.] OCY'PETE ('HicvW-ril), the name of two ■DTthicsl beings, one a Dsnaid, and the other a Haipy. (Apollod. ii. 1. fi & * Ues. l^mg. 267.) tL8.]

OCTHHOE. (*a>nfpoii.) 1. One of the daughters of Oceonos ondTethys. (Hes. l^etM/. 360 ; Horn. Hymn, m Cer. 420 ; Pans. ir. 30. § 3.)

2. A daughter of the cenlanr Cheiron. (Or. MM. ii. 638 ; Hygin. PmL JMr. iL 18 ; Eratoatfa. Cakut. la) [L. S.]

ODATIS (*08^u), danghtw irf Omortes, a Scythian king, Accwding to a story recorded by Chare* of MyUlene (op. Atk. xjii. p. 57fi}, Odatis and Zariadres (king (rf the count^ between the Caspian gates and the Tanitis) fell mutually in love from the sight of one another's image in a dream. But Omartes, having no son, wished his daughter to marry one of his own relatives or near friends. He therefore summoned them all to a banquet, whereat he desired Odatis to fill a cup with wine, and present it to whomsoever the chose fiir her hus- band. Meanwhile, however, Zariadres bad received Boticefromherof her father's intoitlonB, and, bring •ngued in a military eipedition near the fauika <h the Taniia, he aet out with only one attendant, and, hRTing tnvrilad a diuince of 800 itadia, ar>

ODOACER.

rived in the banquet-hall of Omartes, diiguisad in a Scythian dress, just as Odatis, reluetandy and in tears, was mixing the wine at the board where the goblets stood. Advancing dose to her uds, he whispered, " Odatis, I am here at thy deaure, I, Zariadres." Looking np, riie noognised with joy the beautiful yoath ^ htx dream, and placed the cup in hia battda. lamediaMly ha sMied a>d bora her off to hie diariot ; and so ^ lorcra aaoycd, fiiTonred by the srnpathinng attendants of the palace, who, when Ooiartea ordered ihera to pursue the fugitives, profiesned ignoianoe of the waj they liad taken. This love story, we are told, was moat popular in Asia, and a fsvonrite enb}ect fiir paint- inn ; and Odatis waa a prevalent fisnale name io noble fiuniliea. [EL ^1

ODENATHUS, the hnsbud of the heroic Zenobia [Zsnobia], according to Zoaimns, was of a noble family of Palmyra, aoeording to Proco- pius (Penic. ii. 5} the prince of a Saiaoenie tribe dwelling upon the banks of the Euphrates, accord- ii^ to Agathiaa (lib. iv.) of humble uigin. He ta included by Trehelliat PoUio in bis oOilagae of the thirty tynuits [see Auriolus], but onUke the great majority of theae usurpers, desema to be considered as the saviour rather than the destroyer ci the Roman power. At the moment when all seemed lost in the East, in conseqnenoe of the o^tture oi Valerian, and the dispersion of his army, Odenathos having oallectad a powarfial force marched boldly against the ▼ietorioaB Sapor, whom he drove out of Syria, recoraed Nisibia, together with all Mesopotamia, captured the hanm ci the Persian monarch, and pursued him up to the very walls of Ctesiphon. Retuniing loaded with plunder, he next turned his arms against Quiema, eon (tf Macrianus, and shnt up the pntwder ia Emeaa, where be perished npmi tlw eaptma of tfaa city. In giB^tude for these important servieea, Gallienus bestowed upon his uly the title of Augustus, and acknowledged him as a colleague in the empire, but Odenathna did not kma eiuoy hia well-earned dignity, for he waa ilam by tlw domestic treachery ot hia coosin, or nephew, Maeonius, not without the consent, it is said, of Zeuobia, about the year a. d. 266. Little ia known with rmrd to the history of this wariike Arab, except the naked facts detailed above, and that inm hia eariiest yean he took gnat ddight In the chase, and willingly ttdncd the aevereat hardships. [Mabohius.J [W. R.]

ODITES, the name of two mythical beinga, one a centaur, and the other an Etliiopian, who was slaii^by Clymenns at the weddii^ Persma. (Ov. MeL xiL 467, v. 97.) [L. &]

O'DIUS. COSiet). 1. The ehiaf of the Hali- tonea, assisted the TWjans agdnst the Greeks, bM was slain by Agamemnon. (Horn. A ii. 836, v. 38; Sttab. xvi. p. 551.)

2. A heiald in the camp of the Oraein at Troy. (Hom./f.iT. 170.) [L.a]

ODOA'CER (;oMMpot% King of Italy, from A. D. 476—493. He waa the ami of one Edeeo, who was undoubtedly the same Edecon wht waa minister of Attila and bis ambassador at Constan- tinople. Odoacer had a brother, Onnlf^ who lik«> wise became coni^caoaa. It appeals that Odoacer was by origin a Seyms, and that after the di>- persion of the Scyrri by the East Ootks, lie waa chosen the AM of the remnants of that brdcea tribc^ bnt he it alio odhd a Rugian, au H«ii]ii%

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Ot>OACER. mi ■ UDg of tte TnnOii^, perbapB becaate be mm a lAEr tmh at die brad of tm amy compowd •f A«« aatiisu. Kic &ther Edecon having been ilm in bitile with the East Oothi, where the pom if the Serni «u broken (abont 463), Odoa- trr. iMT It the head of die reduced tribe, led the ^ *f a rebber in PannoaiB and Norioiin, but feJi fotend the imperial gnard atlUimeaiid roae taamntK In 475 Orestet had lu* ton Bonnlna' ii^Mifat diMem emperor of Reme. The connl- Im indl of WV^r^pf 0f nKtions, with the aid if wUcb OiMiea bad accmipUabed hia object, de- rjDM m Rwaid cm third of the aoil of Ital^ to be £<riM among them. When Oreatei declined M cnplj wiih thnr wiahea, Odoacei toned the dimetni of the tnetcraariea to hia own profit, tsi pnoiid to allot them the desired portion of Icalj.if ibey woold aaaiit him to wrett the whole bm the Mninal emperor Komoliu Auguatulua bI Ui Citfaer Orestea, • condition which the mn-

«f thoM teekleaa wanion readily accepted. Tha aroae a war between Odoacer and Oreates. Tit btter, after aufiering aome defeats, retired vitidn the walla of Pavia ; bnt Odoacer took the tan by ananlt, made Orestet priaoner, and pnt bia lo death. St. Epiphaniua, biahop of Pana, na pcaest at the aiega, whenra hia liu by Emw- ^ hwoBMi an important source for the hiatory if (hete timea. Panl, the brother of Orettea, was ilua It Ratenna. Homnlua Anguctulus was now itfmi and banished by the victor, who heDceforth a^tnd oter Italy with the title of king, for be Mnraanmed that of emperor (476). With die ^tpawioii of Romnlos Aogustulu, the Roman em- !« in ihc Weat came to an end. [Acoustulos.] Id order ta esuUiah bimtelf the better on the ^^nat, Odoacer aent ambaasadors to the emperor Z-Ms tcqaeating the latter to grant him the titie of TKiician, and acknowledge hnn aa n^ent of the £wie of Italy. Pleased with the aeeming sub- BwxDcia ef the conqueror of that country, Zeno piDied the nqneat, though after aome hesitation. (Woaeer look up hia residence at RaTenna, and, acmriing to hia promise, divided one third of the nil af Ibly among bis baibaiian foUowers, a mea- *<iK which wm perk^ l»a crad towazda the laSas than it w«ald appear, since the countiy «ai depopulated, and many estates without au tna and lying waste. On the whole, Odoacer, *bo was the fint barbarian that sat on the throne ^ Italy, was a wise, well-disposed, and energetic nwc. od knew how to eauUish order within and

vithoM hia dominiona, aa &r as the miaetable Mai tenditioD of the Romans, the reckleaa spirit •f liteir baibarian taasterm, and the daring mpa- ctt gf their ae^hboun were compatible with a Mtkd state of thinga. Among his measures at ana we may mention there-establishment of the <*ns^te as a proof of hia wiadom, as his intention *■* u Kcracile the remains of the old Romans to ■W ntw gDvemroent. Odoacer reunited Dalmatia *iih the kingdom of Italy after a sharp contest, ■■ vbich be employed both a fleet and an army. Ht sho Buide a snocesafitl campaign in 487 againat the Rajpui, irho endeaToored to make themselTOS '°^<P«ident in Noricam: their Idng Feletfaeus (Micba or Faia) and many of their noUea were *^«) priaoDOK, and the rest fielded to hia role. (''ohinBaidy for him there rose among the bar- beyond the Alpa a man sdll greater than '''•WitheBdoix^ fcii% of th« Boat Ootha^ who.

ODYSSEUS. n

secretly, and perfaapa openly, suppwted by the emperor Zeno, Feaol*ed to wrest Italy from him,

and establish the Gothic power at Rome. Theo- doric opened his first campaign in 489, and in a bloody battle foUed hia rival on the banks of the Isontins (Isonso) not fax from Aquileia (28th of August, 489). Odoarcer, retreating, crBfered a second battle at Venna, and again loat the day, whereupon he hastened to Rome in order to per- suade its inhabitants to rise for his defence. Bnt the Romans, preferring to stand their own chance in the conflict, abut the gates of the city at hia ap* proach, and Odoacer conaeqnentlj retmced hia atepB into Northern Italy, and threw binuelf into Ba^-ellna. Thence he tallied (Jut, defeated the van of the Gothic army, and compelled Theodorie to seek refuge within the walls of Pavia, but the Gothic king soon succeeded in rallying hia forces, and vanquished Odoacer a third time in a decisive battle on the river Adda <4fl0). Odoacer again took refnge in Ravenna, and Tbeodoric laid si^ to that city, while his lieutenants gradually re- duced the whole kingdom of Italy. After an ob- stinate defence of nearly three years Odoacer at last capitulated on condition that in future he and Theodorie should be joint kinga of Italy : the trea^ waaconfinned byoatha taken WbotfapartieB(27ta of February, 493). Theodorie, however, khhi tooke bis oath ; and on the 5th of March following, Odoacer was murdered by the hand, or command, of hia more fortunate rival Theodorie aacceeded him aa aole king of Italy. (Jomondea, De Regmr. Swxm. p. 59, 60, De Selt. Ooth. p. 128, 129, 140, 141 : Paul Diacon. De Gut. £(mwo6. I 19; Greg. Turon. HitL Prana. il 18, A&; Procop. BtU. Go&. i 1, ii. 6 ; Ennodius, Vila Epiphan., especially pp. 386 — 389 : Cassiodor. CAnxs. ad an. 376, &c^ £!pat. i. 18 ; Evagrius, ii. 16.) [W. P.]

ODYSSEUS {*0»wff*rfiX «i " the Latin writers call him, Ulysses, Ulyzes or Ulixes, one of the principal Greek heroes in the Trojan wai^ According to the Homeric account, he was the grandson of Arcesius, and a son of LaSrtes and Anticleia, the daughter of Autolycu^ and brothw of Ctimene. He was married to Panehipe, tha daughter of Icarius, by whom he became thft father of Telemachus. {Od. L 329, zL 85, xv. 362, xvi. 118, dec) But according to a later tradition he was a son of Sisyphus and Auticleia, who, when with child by Sisyphus, was married to Lnertea, and thus gave birth to him either after her arrival in Ithaca, or on her way thiUwr. (Soph. PUL 417, with the Schol., JJom, 190 ; Ov. Met xiii. ■ 32, An Am. in. 913 ; Pint QuaeA Oraee. 48; comp. Horn. IL iii 201.) Later traditions further state that beudea Telemachna, Arcesilaus or Pto- liporthus was likewise a son of his by Penelope ; and that further, by Circe he became the father of Agnus, Latinus, Telegonus and Cassiphoiie, and by Calypso of Nausithous and Nausinous w Auson, Telegonus and _ Teledamua, and lastly by Euippe of Leontopliron, Dorydns or Eury- alua. (Hea. Titeg. lOlS, &c ; Eustath. ad Houu p. 1798 ; Schol. ad I^ct^kt. 795 ; Parthen. EroL 8 ; Pans. viiL 12. § 3 ; Serv. ad Am. iii. 17L) According to an Italian tradition Odyssena was by Ciite the fiither of Remus, Antias and Ardeas. (Diony^ i. 72.) The name Odysseus is said to signify the angry (Hom. Od. xix. 406, Ac), and among the Tjtrheniaiu be ia.lwd.tQ, DigitizeQ by VjUOV It

ODYSSEUS.

ODYSSEUS.

have be«n called Nbdhj or Nannus. (Tzetz. ad Zycmkr. 1344.)

Whrn OdyMcui wna a rating nutn, he went to •Fe hi* gmiidrHthur Antnlyciu iie»r tlio rout or Monnt Panuuitiii. Tlicrc, while en^t^dl in the chnse, he wai woiindod by a boiir in hi« knee, by the scar of which he was subwquently recugiii».'d by Eurjcleia. LadcD with rich preeent* he re- tained from the palace of his grand&ther to Itliacn. Horn. Od. xiz. 418, As.) tfren at that ngn he is escribed aa distinguUhed for hia courage, his knowledge of nnvigntion, hia eloqiience and akill ai a negotiator ; for,on one occiuios, when the Mev arnians had carried off some theep from Itliaca, IjaericB aent hiin to Mesaene to deitinnd repn- ntion. Ha there met t^ith Iphitun, who waa seetcinff the hones atolen from him, and who gave him the fiunoni bow of Eurytua. Thia Imw Odyeaeui used only in Ithncn, regnrding it as too great a treasure to be employed in the field, and it wna ao atmng that none of the anitora wna able to handle it. {Oil. xzi. 14,&c) On one occasion he went to the Theaprotinii Rphyra, to fetch from Ilua, the son of Mermeriii, poison for hia arrows ; but aa be could not get it there, he afterwards obtmned it from Anchialus of Taphua. (Od. i. SdS, Ac.) Some accoanU also state that he went to ^inrta aa one of the Kiiton of Helen, and he it said to have advised Tyndareua to make the Buitora Bwear, that they would defend the chosen bridiigmom agninat any one that should iiieuLt hini on Helen 'a acconut. Tyndareus, to shntv him his gratitude, persuaded his brother Icarius to give Penelope in martiage to Odysseus; or, according to others, Odysseus gained her by conquering hia enmpetitots in the fnotmce. (Apollod. iiL 10. § 9 ; Pans, iii, 1*2. § 2.) But Homer inentionR nothing of all this, and he states that Agnnieinnon, who visited him in Ithacn, prevjiiied upon him only with great difficulty to join the Greeka in their expedition against Troy. {Od. xziv. IIC, Slc) Other ttflditiona relate that he was visited by Menelans and Agamemnon, and that more espe- cially Palnmedes induced him to join the Greeks. For when Piilainedea Qinie, it ia said, Odysseus pretended to be mad : he yoked an osa and an ox to a ploiiftii, and b^an to bow salt. Palamedes, to try him, phiced the infant Telemnehus before the plough, whert;upon the father could not con- tinue to play his p:irt. He stopped the plough, and waa obliged to undertake thu fulfiluient of the pmrniae he had maile when he was one of the suitors of Helen. (Tsetx. ad Itgo. 818.) Thia oc- currence IS mid to have been the cnuse of his hatred of Palamedes. (Ilygin. Wab. 9.i.) Being now himself gained for the undertaking, he con- trived to discover Achilles, who was concealed among the dnaghters of king Lycoinedca, and without whom, according to a prophecy of Calchas, the expedition agninat Troy could not be under- taken. (Apollod. iii. 1.1 § 8 ; eomp. Achillkr.) Before, however, the Greek* set out against Troy, Odyaseus, in conjunction with Meiidnus {and Pnlnmedes, Diet. CreL i. 4,),' went tfi Troy, where he waa hospitably received, for the purpose of inducing the Trojans by amicable nieuna to rettore Helen and her treasures. (//. iii. *20a, Au:.)

When the Greeks were assembled in the port of Aulis, He joined them with twelve ships Hnd men from Cephallene, Ithaca, Neriton, Crocyleia, Za- ciynthiiH, Sums "I'd the const of Epeima (//, ii.

303, 631, &C.). When Agamemnon was unwiUing to aocrifice Ipbigeneta to Artemis, and the Greeks were in great difficulty, Odysseus, feigning anger, threatene'i to return liorae, but went to Myceiiae, iind iniiuc<>d Clytaeninestm by vHrii>ua preteiicuain »end Iphigenia to Aulia (Diet. (.'ret. i. 'JO ; conip. P^urip. l^h. Aid. 100, &c). On his voyage to Troy he wrestled in Lesbos widi Philomeleidcst the kii^ of the i^and, and conquered hun (Oi. ir. 34'2^ According to others, Odysseus and Dio- medes slew him by a stratagem. During the siege of Troy he distinguished himself as a vnlinnt and undaunted warrior (//. iv. 494. v. 6/7, vii, ICJt, xi. 3!>6, 404, &c xiv. R'2), but more ptvrticulnrly aa a cunning, prudent, and eloquent spy and ni^gotiaior, and many instances are rekted in which he was of the gre.itest service to the Greeks by these powerfi. Several distinguished Trojans fell by his hand. After the death of Achilles he cnntetided for his armour with the Teininonian Ajax, and gained the prise (fid. xi. 545 ; Ov. Mfi. xui. init.). lie is said by some to have devised the stratagem of tb» wooden horse (Philostr. Hfr. x. 1'2), and he wns m\a of the heroes that were concealed in its belly, and prevented tht-m answering Helen, that iliey might not be discovered {Od. iv. '280, &c. viii. 494, xi. 5'25). When the horse waa opened he and Manelaus were the first thnt jumped out and haa- tened to the hoase of Deiphobus, where he con- quered in the fenrful atniggle {Od. viiu ol7]. Ho ia alao said to have taken pnrt in carrying off the palladium. (Virg. Aen. ii. 164.)

But no part of his adventures ia ao celebrated in ancient story as his wanderings after the destruction of Troy, and his ultimate return to Ithacn, which form the subject of the Homeric poem called after him the Odysaey. After the taking of Troy one portion of the Greeka sailed awuy, and another with Agamemnon remained behind on the Trojmi coast. OdyuK'US at first joined the fomier. but when he had sailed as far as Tenedos, he retunitut to Agamemnon {Od. iii. 163). Afterwards, how- ever, he determined to sail home, but was thrown by a Btonu upon the cnsist of Isoiarua, a town of the Cicouea, in Thnice, north of the island of Lenuios. He there ravaged and plundered the town, and ts ho was not able to induue his mon to depart in lime, the Cicones bastenc«l towards the coast from the interior, and slew "2 of hia com- panions {Od. ix. 39, &c). From thence he was driven by a north wind towards Mulein and to tbe Lotophagi on the coast of Libya. Some of hia conipaniuus were so nmch delighted with the taste of the lotus ih.1t they wanted to remain in tho country, but Odysseus compelled them to miibaik again, and continued hia voyage {p<L ix. 67, R4, 94, &c.). In one day he reached the gonvisland, situated north of the country of the IjOtuphagi {O-i, ix. 116). He there left behind eleven ships, and with one he sailed to the neighbouring island of the Cyclopes (the western coast of Sicily ), where with twelve companions ho entered the cave of the Cyclops Polyphemus, a sou of Poseidon nnd Thoosn, This giant devoured one after another six of the companions of Odysseus, and kept the unfortunaia Odysseus nnd the six others aa prisoners in his cave. In order to aave himself Odysseus contrived to make tlie monster drunk with wine, and iben with a bumin(;c pole deprived him of his one ej& He now succeeded in making his escape with nia friends, by concealing himself and them nndar tlv

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hOm at tW itMp whick the Cjdop* let ont of an i ud (Mthmh, «hh » put of the flock, Riadud liiiifai[L The Cfdopi im|4ond tai> fitther pDMMM lo take Tengeanee vpon Odyneiu, and MEcdonk the god <£ the m pursued the won- 4ta^ kag with im placable enmity (Od. i. 68, Ac ix. \'i—U'2). Otiten rapment Poaddon u sifi; nth OdTwcu on account of the death of hkaeda (Philaea'. Her. u. 20 ; comp. P^tA- noB^ On hit further voyage he arrived at the kkotrf Aeolai, probably in the loutli of Sicily, vkcK be tUyed one moatfa, and is taid to have brtaiiim with Polymela, the danghter of Ae«da> {fMobm. &vL 2). Ou hit deparinre Aeofau pro- lidcd kin with a bag of wmoa, whidi were to any kia home, but hie cotnpanionB, without ■ <<iTHcu' kuowiug it, opened the bag, and the vnili neaped, whereupon the ihipa were driven Lui to die ialand of Aeolui, who wai indignant «d M&acd all further asuatanoe (lU. x. i. &&). .Uier a teyage af mk daya he airmd at Telepyloa, bt ctj af Lunna, in which Antiphaiee ruled over i!« LuatrvgMiea, a aort of cunnibak. This place wM pfcbibly be loaght aomewhcre in the north of >~Ct. OdTueua eacnped from them witli only one vi3 (i. 80, and hie &te now Gained him to a MtEn i^and, Aeaea, inhalnted by the uHveieu liRe A pan of hia people wai teut to explore the blsKi, but they were changed by Circe into swine, tinlochos alone escaped, and brought the lad trn u Odynena, who, when be wa* haatening to iLi Mii&lance of hii firiendk, waj inatnicted by Hifffln by what meane he could reii&t the magic ynitn of Ctroe. He aucceeded in liberating hia mpanioDi. who were again changed into men, vcte mott hosfntably treated by the Knrcereu. Wbn It Imgth Odyweua begged for leave to de- f>r, Ctrce deuced him to deicend into Hades and to email the leer Teiieaias (z. 135, &c). He Me niled weatward right actoM the rivet Oceanut, ■ad biTiag landed on Uie other ude in the country <i tkc Ciaameiiana, where Helio* does ntrt shine, 1» entered Hadea, and couMilted Teircsias about It* Bunner iu which- be might reach hie native tMi. Toreaias infonned him of the danger and ■ii^aitiea ariaiag from the anger of Peaeidou, but pit kia hope that all would yet torn oat well, if (MvHuu and hk companionB mnild leave the herda *fHdioain Thrinacia uninjured (Oct. xi.). Odya- Mw ntnmed to Aeaea, where Circe again tnaicd ike attangera kindly, told them of the iv.xtn that yet awaited them, and of the meana •^*K>pii^ (ini. 1, iu.). The wind which aha Mat viik tboB airiod tbem to the iabrad of the mnewhere near the west coaat of Italy. Ike Seiiena sat on the ahore, and witli their sweet iiUcKled all that puaed by, and then de- Kn^ed them. Odytaeua, in order to eacape the filled the ean of hiacompanioiia with wax, brttoed himtelf to the matt of hia thip, unul k« no out af the reach of the Seirena* tong (xii. il< Aic 166, Ac). Hereupon hia thip came be- tVfTU Scylla and Charybdit. two rocks between T^iiiiiKia and Italy. As the ship pasted between ^Ua, the monster inbatnting the reck of >he mm maA, carried off and devoued six of the ^tman of Odyasena (xii. 73, &c. 235, &c).

Ibaea he came to Thrinacia, Uie island of ''*'>*S *ko than kept hia lacred herds of oxen. *%«MSWBdM(rf the advice ofTeireMus and nutd M ftm bj, but ha eompatiious com-

pelled him to land. He made tbetL swear not to touch any of die cattle ; bat as they were detained in the island by atoims, and at they were hungry, they killed the finest of the oxen while Odyatemi Was asleep. After some daya the storm abated, and they tailed away, but soon another atorm eamo on, and their diip was destroyed by Zens with a Datb of lightning. All were drowned with the ex- ception of Odysseus, who saved himself by meant of the matt and planka, and waa driven by the wind again towards Scylla and Charybdit. But be skilfully avoided the danger, aci after ten days he readied the woodv island oF Ogygia, Inhabited l>y the nymph Caljrpao (xii. 127, &e. 280, ftc). She received hhn witn kindneat, and denied him to matty her, {MiMoaiting immortality and etemeJ youth, if he would content, and forget Ithaca. Bui he could not overcome hia longing after hit own home (i. £1, 56, iv. 82, &c £55, tlx. vii. 244, &c. ix. 28, 34). Athena, who had alwayt been the protectreta of Odysteos, induced Zeus to pranise that Odytieos, notwithstanding the anger of Po- seidon, should one day return to hia native island, and take vengeance on the anitort of Penelope (i. 48, &c V. 23, xiii. 131, comp. xiii. 300, &c.). Hennea carried to Calypso the commnnd of Zeua to dimite Odyaaeua. The nymph obeyed, and taught him how to build a raft, on which, after a suy of eight ycara with her, be left the ialand (v. 140, &c. 234, 263). In eighteen daya he came in aight of Scherio, the ialand of the Phaeaciana, when Poaeidon, who perceived him, aent a storm, which caat him off tlte raft. On the advice of Lencothea, and with her and Athena^ aaaiatance, he reached Scheria by dint of awimming (v. 278, &c 443, vL 170). The exhausted hero ilept on the ahore, imtil he waa awoke by the voices of maidena. He found Nauaicaa, die daughter of king Alcinout and Arete ; the gave him clothing and allowed hiui to follow her to the town, where he wat kindly received by her parents. He waa honoured with feasta and contest^ and the ininttrri Demodocus sang of the fidl of Troy, which moved QdyaaeuB to tears, and being questioned about die cause of his emotion, be related hit whole history. At length he waa honoured with presenu and tent home in a ship.

One night as he bad fallen asleep in his thip, it reached the coast of Ithaca ; the Phaeaciaos who had accompanied him, carried him and hit pretenu on shore, and left him. He had now been away from Ithaca for twenty years, and when he awoke he did not recognise hia Dative land, for Athena, that be might not be reooguiaed, had enveloped him in a cloud. As he was lamenting hia fate tha goddeaa informed him where he was, concealed hit presents, and advii>ed him how to take vengeance upon theenemiesof hia house. During his absence his father lAertas, bowed down by grief and old age, bad withdrawn into the countr)-, his mother Anticleia had died of sorrow, hit son Telemschus had grown up to manhood, and his wife Penelope had rejected alt the o^rs that had been made to her by the importunate suitors &om the neigh- bearing itUnds {Od. xi. 180, &c xiii. 836, &c XV. 355, Ac xvL lOS, &&], During the last three yenra of Odyssons' absence more than n hundred nobles of Ithaca, Some, Dulichium, and Zacynthus had been suing for the hand of Penelope, and in their vitiu to her houte had tiealed «U that ii containod u if it had bean their own {i.'i4/St

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I

14 OEAQRUS.

xiii. 877, zir. 90, xTj*247}- That Im might be able to take Tengoance upau them, it was neceuary that be should not be ncognieed, ia order to avail himtelf of any fiiToarable moment that might pre- •ent iU/^t Athena accoidiiiglf metamorphoKd him into an tmiightly beggar, in which appranuwe he wai kindly treat^ by Eomaena, the swineherd, a faithftti aerrant of hit house (xiii. 70* &c ziv.). While he was slaying with EumHens, his son f elemachtu letnmed from Sparta and Pylos, whither he had gone to obtain infonnation con- aeming bis &thet. Odytaeos made himself known to him, and with him deliberated upon the plan of terenge (xtL 187, &c 300). In the disguise of a beggar he accompanied Telemachos and Eumaeus to tbe.town ; on bit anival be was abused and in- ■olted by the gratJterd Melantbeus and the soitors, who even tried to kill Telemadiua ; but his old dog and bis nnna Eorydeia neognised him, and Penelope received him Madly.

The plan of revenge was now carried into el^t. Penelope, with great difficulty, was made to promise her imnd to him who should conquer the others in ahooting with the bow of Odyieeot. As none of the suitors waa able to manage it, Odysseus himsdf took it np, and haring ordered all the doors to be shut, and all arms to be removed, be begaa bis contest with the suitors, in which be was sup- ported by Athena, bis son, and some faithful ler- TanU. All fell by hit hands, the faithless male and female sAwita as wcU as the niitora ; the minatnl and Medon, the herald, alone were taT«d (xxiL). Odysseus now made himself known to Fenriope, and went to see his aged father. In the meantime the report of the death of the suitors was ipread abroad, and their relatives now rose in anna against Odysaent ; but Athena, who aaaumed the appearance of Mentor, brought about a reoon- ciliatioQ between tha peopb and Hit king (xxiii. xxiv.).

It has already been remarked that in the Homeric poems, Odyieens is represented as a prudent, cun- ning, inventive and eloquent man, but at the same time at a biave, bold, and penevering warrior, whote courage no misfwtune or calamity could subdue, but later poets deecribe him as a cowardly, deceitful, and intriguing personage (Virg. Aen^ ii. 164 ; Ov. Met »ii 6, At; Philostr. Her. ii. 20). Be^wcting the last period of his life the Homeric poemt give us no information, except the pnpheey of Teiietias, who promised him a ptunkts death in ahqipyold age ((M xi. 119); but later writers give us different accounts According to one, Telegonnt, the son of Odysseus by Circe, was sent out by his mother to seek his father. A storm east him upon Ithaca, which he began to plunder in order u obtain provisiona. Odysseus and Tele- nuchus attacked mm, but he slew Odysseus, and his body was afienvuds carried to Aea«i (Hygin. Fab. 127 ; Diet. Crei. *i. Ifi ; Horal. Cktrm. iii. 29. 8). According to tome Circe called Odysseus to life again, or on his arrival ia Tyrrhenia, he waa burnt on Mount Perge (Tzeti. ad Lgc 79d, &c). In works of art Odytaetia was commonly repr^ sented as a sailor, wearing the semi-oval cap of a sailor. (Plin. H. N. xxxv. 36 ; Paus. x. 26. § I, 29. § 2 ; Enstatb. ad Horn, p. 804.) [L. S.J

OEAORUS {Otarrfot) a tiag^ actor at Athens, who spears to have been particnlariy toccetsfnl in the chaiMo of Niobe. (Aritt. V*^, 579 ; Schol. ad loo.) [E.&J

OEBOTAS.

OEAORUS (OltryfMj), a king of Thrace, and father of Orpheus and Linns (Apollod. L 3. § 2 | Orph../frjroM.73 ;Ot.7A.484). Hence the aisi«rs of Orpbeui are called Oeagrides, in the aenae of the Musea. (Match, iii. 37.) [L. S.J

OEAX (Om{), a son of Naaplins and Clynaene, and brotherofPalamedes and NauBimedan( Apollod. ii. 1. in fin. iii. 2. § 2 ; Eurip. Orett 432). [Li.S.]

OE'BALUS (OffoXoi). 1. A ton of Cynortaa, and hosband of Gorgophone, by whom he became the &ther of Tyndateos, Peirene, and Areae, waa king of Sparta, where he waa afierwaidt honoured with an heroum (Paut. iiL 1. § 3, 15. § 7, ii. 2. | 3, iv. 2. § 3). According to others he waa a eon of Perieres and a grandson of Cynortaa, and waa married to the nymph Bateia, by whom he liad sever^U children < Apollod, iii. 10. $ 4 i SchoI. ad Eurip. OrtfL 447). The patronymic Oebalidca it not only applied to his descendwits, but to the Spartans geaerally, and hence it occurs as an epithet or tumame of Hyacinthna, Castor, Pollux and Helena (Ov. lb. 590, Fail. w. 705, Ifar. XTi. 126.)

2. A tHi of Telon hy a nymph of the stream Sebethus, near Naplea. Telon, originally a kiug of the Teleboant, had come from the island of Taphos to Caprene, in Italy ; and Oebalus settled in Campania. (Virg. Aem. viL 7^ with Serv. note.) [L. S.j

OEBARES (Oifttpiii). 1. A Pertiaa, aa offico' of Cynu. According M CtesiaB {op. PkaU BihL 7*2), when Astyages waa taken at Eebatana, whither he had fled from Cyrus, Oebares threw him into chains, from wnich, however, Cyrus released him. Ctesias further EcIIb ui that, at the tiege of Snrdis, Oebares ndrised Cyrua to terrify the citiieiis by imngea of Persians placed on high poles and made to look like gigantic soldiers, and that the fear thna cauKed mainly led to the cnpture of the town. When Cyrus sent Petiances to bring Aityages to court from his satrapy (ihe country of the Bar- canii), Oebares inatkated the mesaenger to leave the ud king to periu in a deaert place, and, when the deed was dUcovered, alarred hunself to death to avoid the vengeance of Amytia (Aatynges'a daughter), in spite of all the aesonuwes of protec- tion whuh Cyrus gave him.

2. A groom of Dareiua Hystaapis. According to Herodotus, when the seven conspirators, after slaying Smerdis, had decided on the continuance of monarchy, they agreed to ride forth together at sunrise, und to acknowledge, as king any one tX their number whose horse should be the first to neigh. Oebares, by a stratagem, caused the horae of Dareiut to neigh before the rest, and tliut secured the throne for his master. (Herod, iii. 84—87.)

3. Son ofMegBbazns,was viceroyof Datcyleium, in Dithynia. He received the submission of tiie Cyciceiies to Dareius Hj'staiipis, about b. c 404. (Herod, vi. 33; comp, Aeach. Vers. 980. ed. Schiitz.) [£. E.]

OEBO'TAS (Ot^^r), the son of Oenias. of Dyme in Achaea, waa victorious in the footrace at Olym[na, in the tizth Olympiad, b.c 756. Hit countrymen, however, having conferred upon him no dialingiiiahcd mark of honour, although he n-aa the first Achaean who had gained an Olympic vic- tory, he imprecated upon them the curte Uiat no Achaean should ever again conquer in Uie games ; and, in bet, for thtee hundred years, net a sh^

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OEcu]aaau&

AAmm «tt iMiff tin *ieton. At length tbe Ichxaoi onnilted the Dflpbic oracle, and, in oMinm to iu rasponae, they erecied a lUtne ef Orfaottt ja tbe Altia at Oljropia, 01. 80. B. C. 460 ; ■m iftv vhiA a victory waa ipuned in the boys' tMt-ao, by SoMnuta of Peilene. Hence die oM« na eatabliahed fcr the Achaean athlete* to wriSa to Oebocaa before engi^ng in an Olympic mtat, and, when Tictoriaiia, to crown hia atatua. fl^rii.17. SS6.7» 13. 14, Bekkarjeomp. vL If I). [P. S.J

uECnUBTf lUS (plmifiimotX * Greek com- Mtilar en variona poru of the New Teatmnent. Of tkk writw Boroely any thing it known t even at tine in vakh he lived i* not ascertained. He it cited *eiy often in a MS. Caleiia in Epiitolaa Patli, fbmeriy is the Coisliniaii library at Parii, «iidi Mont&acon (^SAliolL Coitlim. cod. xxrii. f. 83) aacfibea to the tenth centirry ; and* u ia M awn Catnmentariea Oecnmenins haa cited PMiaa, belongs to the latter half of the ninth ccDtaiy, \ iidner ia perh^x comet {Ondib. bk. i. c(liii.j ioMsigning him to the year 950, Carets diiie(A.D. 990) ia oomewhat too late, if we can aij OD MontiaiKon'a judgment of the age of the CeyiiMn U9L Dnpin placea him in the eleventh ctoiBiy, later Iban Theophylact. which appears to k alto^ther too late. In a MS. cited by Mont- faecdo (itucod. ccxxiv. p. 277) he is itykd biahop d Iricca in Theaaaly. The following commenta- tinare, or hare been, aacnbed to Oecnmeniua: — I. Ctmmemlaria nt Saerowaaeta tpiattior Chritii EurngJiKt... AmUm fMatfna («f fbaimi $mtiunt) Joann Hmtenio, foL Una. 1543. This is a Letin Tersion of the Com- Bratary now generally ascribed to Euthymius S^benns [EuTBVMiVs Ziuabbnos], Hente- aios hiwelf seema to have been oonrineed of the ttlhnthip of Enthymiiu very aoon after the pnbli- cstiaD of the work, and after a few months added to dtf ce|nM not issued a new title-page, with the ^ 1544 and an Admomtio &iidio«o Lectori, viii- &xaaf the daim of Eathymius. This veruon haa btcB Rpntedlj reprinted. It may be aa well here fc wont the itaUmeiitgiTO daewhere [Euthy- Kin], that thia commentaiy baa been pablished colj in Ij«m. Tbe Greek text was published by C. P. Ifauban, in 8 nila. 8m, Leiptig, 1792. Cnsparatitely few copies of the edition of Hen- Inim, ia tbe original &rm, appear to have got ibrsA. and few writen appear to have been aware if iit nal date*(1543), and of its having borne the aaiBS of Oecmnenlua on the title-pnge. The editor •f tt« Oxford edition of Cavo'a I/titoria Litteraria {VU'i^—^Z), in a notcand Lardner in his CndibSUy, vtjxx that Le Long bad, in hi* BUtUoUieca Sacra, ns- oibed a Commentiiry on the Gospels to Oecnmo- UB* : bat they evidently knew not which was the vwk rcfened to. Fabrieins merely obaerves that •Mw had conjeetnislly ascribed the Commentary of EBLiiyi&iiis to Oecamenitis. Hambergcr, with more ■mcity, interred from tbe Admomtio of Hentenius, «iaii aideed speaks {Mainly enough, that the work W been issued in 1543, aod probably under the of Oenusenioa t tmt Matthaei gravely dis- iniet the cerrectoeaa of hia deduction. (SeeHarles, M. i. ad Fabric vol. viii. pu 344.) A copy of the ta its o^nal form, and with the date 1 543, ^BtheHhnry of tbe British Museum. It is to kebMnedlhU ihe aacriptiia of this commentary, *''^ H Okubnbiw er Entbyndu, reata oiljr on

OECUMENIUS. U-

intenial evidence. In one MS. it bean the nnna

of Nicetas of Seirae, or, as he ia usually termed, Nicetas of Heraeleia ; in another of Theophy- lacL The authorship of Euthymiua ia inferred &om the resemblance of the work to his Conw mentary on the Psalma. The editor of Cave states that OecameDins binielf nfera in a pas- sage in fail GOtninentaijr on St. Paurs Epistlea, Ad Hebnuot, c. 6, to acommentary which he had written on the Ooepels, but we have not been able to find the place. 2. 'I^my^ms *ls ris vpd^ut Tuv 'ArotrrdKmr, Etarr^iotua (h OmiweMtoti) A<^ Aposiolonim, compiled from the earlier Greek fathers especialty Chrysostom, with many addi- tions by the compiler. 3. 'Efip^o-AT tit lis HaiXou twurra^dt vitmSt Qmmemtarii m Epidola* Pauli omnet, of similar chamcter to the Commen- tary on the Acta of the Apostles. 4. 'E^tfflifftts sit via iwri mSoKutit Aryc^mt faumAds, Comnum- UtrH £* $Bptem H^iiitolat gam OttMieae nUanitiit. &. Els -rUf ti»divo» dxoKiW^ai, In Jotauat AjHh aUytim. These various commentaries have been published. Those on the Acts and the Epistles, both the Pauline and tbe Catholic, were published by Donatua, together with the Commentary of Aretbaa of Cuiareia on the Apocalypse^ fed. Ve* rona, 1532L They were again pnbliahed at Puii, 2 vola fob 1631. A Latin version of these Com- mentaries on the Acts and Epistles, and of Aretbaa on the Apocalypse, by Hentenius, was published at Antwerp, foL 1545. ThisTersionwasreprinted,4tab Frankfort, 1610 ; and with the Greek textofOecu- meniiiaand Arethas in the Parisian edition of 1631. Another Latin version, by Felicianua, of the Con- mentarieson the Actaand the Catholic Epistles, was published, 8vo. Basel, 1 552, and Venice, 1556 ;and one byMazimus Florentinusof the Commentary on the Epistlea of 1^2 vols. 8ro. Basel, 1653. Tha Commentarr on the Apocalypse haa been lately published with a Catetta tn CaAoUeaM Epittolat, and another CommBiitary on the Apocaljrpse, com- piledfrom those of Andreas and Arethas of Caeaareia, and of Oecmnenins, by J. A. Cramer, Sro. Oxford, 1840. The proem ik this etaomentary of Oecu- menius on the Apocalypse had been pmionsly published by Montfinicon {^liolk. OouUit. p. 277) with a Latin version. The title of Oecn* mesial to tbe authorship of the Commentaries mi the Acts and the Epistles is donbted by Posaevino on the authority of Fronto Ducaeus, who regnrded Oecumeniiis simply as one of the writers from whom the work had beni com^led ; bnt Henteniiu haa shown good reason for belie^ng him to be the author. Sixtus Senenais speaks of a Commentary of OecumeniuB on the Pentateuch ; but nothing is known of such a work : Sixtus refers to some no> tice of it by Oecumenius himself in his Commentary on the Hebrews, Oecnmeniua haa the reputation of a judicious commentator, careful in coapilatton, modest in offering his own judgment, and neat ia expression. (Hentenius, Prae/, ad Oecmnen. Com- mentar. ; Matthaei, Praia], ad Euihi/mii Commeii- lar. n QuatMor Ewng. ; Simon, HitL GiUgue dts princgMuu Oommenlatean rfa JVl 7*., c. zxxii. ; Sixt Senena. B&Uolh. Sacra, lib. iv. ; Pmsevino, ApparaL Sacer ; Cave, Hist. Lilt ad ann. 9S0, voLii. p. 112, ed. Oxford, 1740—43; Fabric.^ liolL Grate, vol. tiii. p. 343, Ac., p. 692, &c. ; Dupin, NoavflU Bibliotl,, des Aul. EodtM. f llama ai4cle), p^ 395, ed. 8vo. Pane 1698; Ceiliier, ^iita»«&ercs,VDLxix.)».7<'2 ;Oudin,CgmM«)i&(fa

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OEDIPUS.

OENEUS.

Smphrffmg Kale*, vol.ii. col.iiB ; Larfner, (7mitfi. book L c 162 ; J. C. Wolfiua, Ej'ercU. in Catenan Patmm Graecvr^ tipai Cnuner, Pme/. ad OiUmtim M Ewmg. S& Maltkuei ^ March Svo. Oxford, 1640; Crsnier, Momtmn ad Cktiaium in EtmL OathU. gte. 8vo. Oxford, 1840.) [J. C. M.]

OE'DIPUS {O^wous), the ■on of Uim and locute of Thebet. The tragic fate of this hero is more celebrated than that of any other legeiidarr personage, on account of the frequent use which the tragic poeta have made of it. In tiieir hands it also ur.derwent various cbangesand embellishments ; but the common story is as follows. Laius, a son of Labdacus, wsa king of Tbelws, and hosband of IoGute« a danghttt of llenoeceus (or Creun, Diod. iv. 6-t), and riiter of Creon. As Lsins had no issue, he consulted the orncle, which iufurmcd him that if a son should be bom to him he would lose hia life by the hand of his own child. When, therefore, at length Tocaste gave birth to a sun, they piorced hie feet, bound them together, and then exposed the child on Mount Cithaeron. There he was found by a shepherd of king Polvbus of Corinth, and he was culled from his swollen feet Oedipus. When he was brought to the palace, the king and his wife Merope (or Periboea, Apollod, iii. 5. § 7) brought him up as their own child. Once, howeTer, Oedipus was taunted by a Co- rinthian with not being the king's son, whereupon he proceeded to Delphi to consult the omcle. The answer he there obtained was that he should slay his father and commit incest with his own mother. Thinking that Poiybus was his father, he reaolved not to n^tum to Coriili.h ; but on his rond between Delphi and Daulis be met his real father Laiua, and u Polyphonies (or Polyphetes, or Polypoetes,' SehoL ad Euiip. Pkom. 39), the charioteer of littius, wanted to push him out of the way, a scuffle ensued in which Oedipus slow both Laius and Polyphonies, and one part of the oracle was ful- fillHL TUe two corpses ore said to have been buried on the same spot by Damasistratus, king of Flatoeae (Apollod. iii. 5. § 8 ; Paus. x. 5. § -2). In the mean time the cclebi-ated Sphinx had appeared in the neighbourhood of Thebes. She had settled on a rock, and put a riddlo to every Theban that passed by, and whoever was unable to boIto it was killed by the monster. This cala- mity induced the Thebans to make known that whoever should deliver the country of it should be made king, and receive locaste as his wife. Oedipus was one of those that came forward, and when he approached the Sphinx hiie gave the riddle as follows ; >* A being with four feet has two feet and three feet, ami only one roico ; but its feet vary, and when it baa most it is weakesL" Oedipus solved the riddle by saying that it waa man, and the Sphinx thereupon threw herself from the rock. Oedipus now obtained the kingdom of Thebes, and married his mother, by whom he became the father of Eteocles, Polyncices, Antigone, and Is- meiie. In cousequeaee of this incestuous alliance of whkh no one was aware, the coantry of Thebes was visited by a plague, and the oracle ordered that the nmrderer of I.aiua should be expelled. Oedipus accordingly pronounced a solemn curse upon the unknown murderer, and dechtnrd htm an exile ; but when he endeavoured to discover him, he was infonned by the xeer Teiresias that he him- ■elf waii both the parrinde nnd the hushaiid of hie mother, loeaoe now bung bavel^ and Oedipus

put out hie own eyes (Apollod. iiL 5. § 8 ; Soph. 0«i.7>r.447,713.73i,774,fi£c). Fnwnthispoint traditions again difier,f(n-aGGordii^to some, Oedipus in bis Uindnen was expelled from Thebes by his sons and brother-in-law, Creon, who nnderlook the government, and he was guided and accompanied by Antigone in his exile to Attica ; but according tc othera ho was imprisoned by his sons at Tfaebes, in order that his disgrace night remain concealed from the eyes of tbe world. The &ther now cursed hie sons, who agreed to rule over Thebes alternately, but beoime involved in a dispute, in consequence of which they fought in single combat, and slew each other. Hereupon Creon succeeded to the throne, and expelled Oedipus. After long ■vma- derings Oedipus arrived in the grove of the Eume- nides near Colonus, in Attica; he was there honoured by Theseus tn his misfortune, and, accord- ing to an oracle, the Eumenides removed him from the earth, nnd no one was allowed to approach bis tomb (Soph. Oetl. OA. 1661, &c.; Eurip. Fkocn. init; Apollod. iii. 5. § 9 ; Diod. iv. 64 | Uygin. Fab. 67). According to Homer, Oedipui, lonneoted by the Ertimyes of liis mother, continued to reign at Thebes after her death ; he fell in battle, and woe honoured nt Thebes with funeral solemnities {Od. xi. -270, &c., //. xxiii. 679). Some traditions mention Euryganeut as the mother of the four children of Oedipus above-men^oned (Pans. ix. 5. § 5 ; ad kurip. Phoen. 63), and pre\-ious to

his connection with her, he is said to have been the &ther of Phraator and Laonytus by locaste, and to have in the end married Astyinedusa, a daughter of Sthenelus (SchoL ad Euiip. I. c). Oe<fipU8 himself is sometimes called a eon of Laius by Eu- rycteia, and is said to have been tkrown in a cheat into the sea when yet on infant, to have been carried by the waves to the const of Sicyoii, to have been received by Poiybus, and afVer^vardB to have been blinded by him (Schol. ad Eur. Pkoen. 13,26). His tomb was shown at Athens, where he also bad an heroum. (Paus. i. 28. § 7, 30, in fin.) [L.B.1

OENANTHE (Oiwt»*i), mother of Agathoclea, the infamous minister of Ptolemy Philopator, and Agathoclea, his equally infamouemistress. Oenanthe seems to have introduced her children to the king, and through them she possessed, until hia deatb, the greatCkt influence in the government. When, after the nccesBinn of the young Epiphnnes, the jieople rose up against Agathocles and his party, Oenanthe find for refuge to the I'hesmophorium (the temple of Demeter and Persephone), nnd here she implored the aid of ^e goddesses with super- stitious enchantments, and drove awav with thirati and curses some noble ladies who haif eome to con- sole her. On the nf xt day she vtiu draj^ed from the altar, and, Iiaving been brought naked on horec- kick into the stadium, was delivered up, with the rest of the family of Agathocles, to the fury of the muluiude, bv whom tbev were toni in pieces. (Polyh. ziv.'n, XV. 29,' S3 ; Plut. Oaam. 33 | Just. XXX. 2 ; Athen. vi. p. 251, e.) (E. E.]

OENEUS (OiVtut). 1. One of the sons of Aegyptns. (Apollod. ii. J. § 5.)

2. A eon of Pandion, and one of the eponymic heroes nt Athene. (Paus. i. 5, § 2.)

3. A son of Portheui, brother of Agrius and Meln.s,and huslKtnd of Althaea, by whom hebecanie the father of Tydeus and Meleager, and was thus the gtaudiather of Diomedes. He was Idflg tk

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OKNOKAUa

I and OJjdoA in AeMia t&om. ft. t. fftS, b. 543, xiv. iiSi &c.)b Acoorfng to tfae tngic KFtt &c Via I ton of Pnthaon and Euc^te, and kHMia the two brothen mentioned above, Alca- tkoc*, Idocooo, LcncopeoB, and Sten^ are like- rat ofled fais bnthnaaDd aiata (Apollod. i 7. S ll:A|MJI«LRlu>d.il93;H.rgiiLF<i6. 14\ Hit duldm ue nid to have been Toxeus, whom ne him- mV killed, Thyreiu (PhereiuX ClymeotU, Periphaa, Af^aaa, Mekager^ Gotfjt, ^iTymede, Mdanippe, Ifntbooe, and Dieiineiim (Apollod. L ft 1 1 > nuu> IT. 3S. § 1 ; Anton, lib. 2). Hit aecoDd wife waa iMaippe, tbe da^bter of Ilip|kuwiu, and bj her k ii hj amne to ban beoHiie the bther of Trdrtt, who aecotSii^ to others Was hia eoa hf bfi 4n daBibier Gorge (Apollod. i. 8. § 4, See.; Kdd. IT. 35 i camp. TroKra). ia said to hie beca deprived of Ilia kingdom' by die aona o£ ictioa, wbo impriaoned bim and iD lued bim, Bnt k« ra tabeequendy avenged hy Diomedes, who A* igrtna and hia anni, and RStared the kingdom rithtf to Cfetietaa hlmael^ or to bia aon-in-law An- IvDOD, lb Oenena Uraa too old. Diom'edea took hi gmtdblber witb btm to PeloponneaOa, but Me of Aeamu wbo ky in aittbuaK, alev the old aaa, Dear tlw altar « Tdephua in Arcadih. tKooedn borkd hia body at AigM, and named town Oeooe after him (Apollod. i. 8. g 5, &c. ; A Bin. Lib. 37 ; Diod. ir. 6£). According to fthen Onwaa lived to ■ very <Ad age with Diomedes at AfM and died a natonl deatb (Pans. ii. 25.' § H Homer knowa Botbing of all this ; be merely tAlt» Aat Oenena onee ndglected to sacrifice to Arteais, ia eonaeqneDoe of which she sent a Mttnmi boar into the territory of Calydon, which «M haaied by Mdeager {Ii. iz. 532. The ho* BtOanpbM wm boamtaUy feeeiftd by Um, •ad Rm*ed ■ eoatly ginUe as a present fircm bim (tl.2IS.&c.). At the time of the Trojan war the race of Oeons bad become extinct, and hence Tbcaa, Ilia son of Audnemoiu the son-in-law of Owti, led tfae Aeu^iana apfaut Troy (iL 638, Ac). [L.S.J

OENIAS, • Gnsfc pdnte', «i whom nothing B*Ne is knewn tba that he punted a liunily pvf, ^Mwieom. (Plin. H. N. zxxv. ) I. s. 40. 137.) [P. S.]

UENOATIS (OlvMh-tt), a surname of Artemis, *ba WM vorsbiMed at Oenoe in Argolis. (Eurip. Ikre.Fm. 376.) [L.S.]

OEVOE (<Nr^). 1. Hie name giTeta 1^ An- twnas Libenlis (1 6) to a pemm commonly called Ooana. [GkraNaI-

'2. A sister of Epodnis, from which the Attic dneaa af Ocooe waa believed fo have derived its ue. (has. L 8S. in fin.)

I> Aa Arcadian nynnA, who is aald to haw Uen one ^ thoae that bconght op tbe iniiuit Zens. {Piss, riil 47. § 2.) [L. S.]

OENOHARCHtJS {OMtmpx'")* of Andn% « the nomerous popils at llerodes Atticos. did a« psans any great cdriirity, and was fond of na Isrid style of oloqnenee, wbirii nerivnd the Ma of tiw lonie or Adatie. (PkOestr. VU. ttfA. ii 18.)

OENCfMAUS {OMtim\ a eon of .^rea and Hirpjtmtf the daughter of Asopni, and hnsbnnd of tl* Pleiad Sterupe, by whom he becmne the 6ither •fHiHodaaeia. was king of Piaain Ella (Apollod. In. II. II ; Pbna V. ia| 2, 2i § 3, vi.21. f 6). Amifjof to oihen bo was a sm of Area and

*0L. UL

Sfc^ope (SchoL urf Ncm. It. xviit 488 ; ttygift FiA. 84, 1S9), w a son of AUiou (Pans. v. 1. § 5% or of Hyperochos and Sterope (Tsels. ad Lye 149), An oracle had declared that he should die if bis daughter should many, and he therefore made it ■ condition that those who came forward as raitors tai Hiiq)odaineia^s band should contend widi h^self in the chariot-race, and he who conquered should receive her, whereas those that were conquered shonld suffot death. Tbe lace-courae extended from Piaa to the aliar of Poseidon, on the Corinthian iithmua. At the moment idien a auitoratuled with Hippodameb, Oenomaua sacrificed a ram to Zeus at Pisn, and Aen aruied himaelf and haistened with hia swift chariot and four horses, guided by Myftilus, after the suitor. He thus overtook many a lover, whom he put to death, until Pelopa, the eon of Tanldus, came to Pisa. Pelops Inibed Myrtilns, and using the horses which be had rcoeirM from Poseidon, he aucceeded in reaching the gonl before Oenomaua, who in despair made away with himself. Thus Pelops obtidned Hippodameia and tlie kingdom of Pisa (Diod. iv. 73 ; Hygin. Fah. 84 \ Schol. ad ApoUoH. Ehud. i. 752,adPiiid. 01. i. 114 ;0v./& 365, dec). There are soma variations in this atoiy. as e. g. that Oenofeuua was himself in lova with hia daughter, and for this reason slew her lovers (Tteti. ad Lyd. 1 56 ; Hygin. F(^. 253). Myr- tilus also is said to have loved her, and as she wished to possess Pelops, she persuaded Myrtilns to lake the nails ovt of the wheels of her father's chariot ; and as Oenomaus was breathing his lost he pronounced a curse upon Myrtihta, and tliis curse had its desired effect, for as Pelops refused to give to Hyrtilua the reward he had promised, or aa MyrUlus had attempted to dishonour Hippos dameia, Pelopa thrust him down from Cape (3v raesMh But Myrtilns, whik dying, likewise pro- nounced a curse upon the hou!>e of Pelops, which was afterwards the cause of the fn:al occurrences in the life of Atreus and Thyeates (Tietz. ad I^ 15G). All the suitors that had bet-n killed by Oenomaus, were buried in oue common tomb (Pans. vL 21. { 6, fte.}. The tomb of Oenomaus himself was shown on the river Cbdeus in Elis (vi. 21. § 3). His house was destroyed hy lightning, nnj only one pillar of it remained standing (v. 20, § 3^ 14. § 5 ; comp. v. 17. § 4, 10. 3 2 ; Soph. ElKt. £04, &&: VSkher, Afs&oL der Jupd. GaM p„ 361).

OENCMATIS (pMfutoj), of Oa(hr*^ a cynie philosopher, who flourished in the reign of HiiHrinn, or somewh.'it later, bnt befbn* Porphyry. (SyncelL p. S4d, b. ; Suid. t. v.) fle'wns one of those later cynics whose philosophy consisted not so much in any definite system of doctrine, as in a {xv* and unrestrained tone of thought and life. Thus the emperor Julian diaiges him with sensuflliiy and pTofaneness ; and his sarcR«ms upon the old cynic doctrines have led some to suppose, but icithout reason, that he belonged to seme other sect (.Tu- lian, OraL vi. p. 1S9; vit. p. 209, ed. Spsnheim.) 8uidns mentions, as bis *orks, IIvpl Kffiit^'.j), DoAiTffa. T^t Kttf 'Oiatpoy *iKoao4^Uy,

n»pl K^Tirrcrr imI Atoy4iws (fd Ktmuv. This list, however, does not include tbe work which is best known tto Ui, namely, his expngiire of the oracles, which is sometimes entitlr-d Kara Tfcr xn^npit'i'. but the' proper title s-i-ms to ha»a been I\nfrMr k'fxf. i e. Drtr^n Fraatitflotoruin, Conndemlila extncta from tbis work iKttrean red- Digitized by VJOOgEe

U OENOPION.

by EbmUu, wb9 t«lU a* that OewHuna wsi pn>- Toked to wriu it in couequenco of Iwing been himielf deceived bf an oracle. (Euebw Praep. Ecat^. y. IB, folL, tl 7 1 Socnt. H. E. it. 13 ; Nio^. X 36 I Theodont. Tkerap. vi. p. 86, i. p. 141, a.) Juliut alio •peaks of tragediei fa; Oeno ' tnauB (Oral *it. p. 210).

2. An epignmiiiatic poet, the author of a aingle distieh npon EnM, imcribed on a drinking Yenel. There ia nothing to detennine whether or no he ma the biom penon aa the phOoaophar (Bmndc, AmaL toL iL p. 402 ; Jacoba, jliitt. Qraeo. vol. ilL p. 110.)

3. Atnuic poet [Dioainx8,p.l023.] [P.S.] ORNO'ME (OMni), a daughter of the river- god Cebrra, and the wift of Pufa. (ApoUod. iii. 12. 9 6 ; PorUiaL EnU 4 ; Stnb. xiii. p. 59S ; camp. Pahui.} [L. S.]

OENO'PIDES (Olroir(9qr), a distinguithed aitioDomer and aathematiGlanf a native of Chtoa. Plato {EnttMy c 1) mention! him in otmjunctim with Anazagonu,ftam which it hai been condoded that he waa a contemporary of the latter. It may have been eo, but there ia nothing ebe to confinn Uie conjecton. He is spoken of in connection with Pythagoras and his followers, so that he aeenu to hare been ngarded as a Pythi^orean. Oenopides derived moat of hia astronomical knowledge from the jwieata and aatronomen of Egypt, with whom he lived for some time. Diodonu (i. 98) mmtioni in particalnr that he derived from this source his knowledge of the obliquity of the ecliptic, the dis- covery of which he is said to have claimed (in the treatise (fa Plao. PUL ii. 12, aacribed to Plutarch). Aelian {V.H.x.7) attribotea to Oenqiides the invendon of Ae eyde of fif^-nlne yeara for bringing the lunar and loUr years into accordance, of which Censorious (c 19} makes Philolaus to have been the originator. The length of the solar year was fixed by Oenopides at 365 days, and somewhat leas thwi nine hours. (As Censorinus expMsaea it, the fifty-ninth part of twenty-two days.) Oeni^ides set up at Olympia a brazen tablet cont^nmg an explanation of his cycle. He had a notion tliat the milky-way was the original path of the sun, from which he had been frightened into his present path by the spectacle of the banquet ofThyeslea. (AcbillesTattus,/*!^. m .<lraf.c. 24.) ProduB, in his commentary on Euclid, attributes to Oenopides the discovery of the twelfth and'twenty- ihird propositions of the first book of Euclid, nnd the quadrature of the meniscus. Oenopides ia also mendoned more than once by Sextns Empiricus. (//«po(.iit. 4,aA);Jlf(sAkp,867.} Hehadatheory of his own aiwut the rise of the Nile, which waa this, that in the auromer the w^eia beneath the earth are cold, in the winter worm ; b bet which he said waa proved by the temperature of deep Wells. So that in the winter the heat shut up in the earth carriee off the givater pari of the moisture, while ihero are no rains in Egypt. In the aununer, on the eontrary, the moiature » no longer carried off in that way, so that there is enough to fill the bed of the Nile and cause it to overflow, Diodorus (i. 4l) objects to that theory, that other rivera of Libya, which correspond in position and direction to the Nile, are not so affected. (Fabric. Bibl. Ortuc vol i. p. 860 ; Ideler, Jiandlack der C^tmo^ vol i. p. 302.) [C. P. M.J

OENO^PION (OtpwrfM'), a eon of Dionystu and hiahud of the nymph Helioa, by whom lie

OEOBAZUS.

bacama the &ther of Thalua, Enanthes, Melft^ Salagua, Athaniaa, and Merope, Aerope or Haero (Schol. ad ApoOoit. AW. ill. 996 ; Paus. vii. 4. 9 6 i Partben. Eroi. 20). Some writers call Oeno< plan a son of Rhadamanthys by Ariadne, and a brother of Staphylus (Plut. ThM. 20) ; and Servius (ad Aen. i. 539 ; comp. x. 763) also calls him tha &thei of Orion. From Crete he emigrated with hie sons to Chios, which Rhadamanthys had as* signed to him as his habitation (Pru& vii. 4. § 6 ; Diod. T. 79). While he was king of Chios, he received a visit from the giant Orion, who for a leug time sued for the hand of Men^ Oac« Orion bring intoxicated violated Merupe, in conse- qoence of which Oenoinon blinded him and expelled him from bis island. Orion, however, went to Lemnos, where Hephaestus gave to him Cedalion OS a guide, or according to others stole a boy whom he carried on his shoulders, and who told him the roads. Orion was afterwards cured of his blind- ness, and returned to Chios to take vengeance on Oenopion. But the latter was not to be bund in Chios, for his friends had concealed him in tha earth, so thai Orion, unable to discover him, went to Crete (Apollod. i. 4. § 3 ; Hygin. Poet. A$tr. U. 34 ; Etatosth. Catiut. 32 ; Eustath. ad Horn. p. 1623). The tomb of Oenopion continued to be shown at Chioa even in the my of Pauaaniaa (vii. 5. § 6 ; comp. OatON i VSlcker, MgOaL dm Japet. GatiALj,.\\%^). [L.S.]

OENOTROPAE (OWrp^), that i^ the changers of or into wine, was the name of the three or four daughters of king Anius in Delos, because they had ivceived from Dionysus the power of changing water into wine, and any thing ebe ihej chose into com and olives (Tests, ad Ljfc 750). When Agamemnon heard this, he wanted to carry them off by force from their hthcr, that they might provide for the army of the Creeks at Troy ; but they implored Dionysus for assistance, and were accordingly metamorphosed into doves. (Ov. A/eC xiii. 640 ; Serv. ad Aen. iii. 80.) [L. S.j

OENOTRUS (Offun-pot), the youngest son of Lycoon who emignced with a colony from Arcadia to Italy, and called the district in which he settled, after himself. Oenotria (Paus. viiL 3. § 2 ; Virg^ Aen. i. 532, iiL 105, viL 85 ; Strab. vi. p. 253, &c). According to Vam, be waa a king of the Sabines, and not a Pelosgian, and bis brother was called Italus (Serv. ad Aen. L 536). Accord- ing to Dionysius (L 11, Ac ii. 1), Oenotrus was accompanied by his brother Paocetiui, and landed in the bay of Ausonia. [h. S.J

OEOBA'ZUS (oUCotte). 1. A Persian, who, when Dareius Hyttnspis vras on the point of march- ing from Susa on his Scythian expedition, beconght him to leave behind with him one of his three sods, all of whom were aerving in the army. Dareiua answered thai, as Oeobasus was a friend, and had preferred so modenUe a request, be would leave him all three. He then ordered them all to be put to death. (Her. iv. 84 ; oomp. vii. 38, 39 1 Stfiec </« /ra,iii. 16, 17.)

2. Father of Siroroities, who led the Paricanuuia in the Greek expeditionof Xerxes. (Her. vii. 68.)

3L A noble Persian, who, when the Oreek fleet arrived in the Hellespont after the battle of Mycale (b. c. 479), fled from Cardia to Sestna, as the piaca of all most strongly fortified. Seatus waa bested by the Athenians under Xanthipims, and, on tks famiite becoming ummdondde, Oeobasus, arith

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0¥BJJu

OOULNIA.

19

Mt af tin Pernou, nrnde bU from tie I

lawB ; hit be Ml into tbe hands oF the ApBtnthian ntadain, and wu McrifieMl by them to Plehtoms, neofiheir^ (Her.ix.ll5.n8,119). [E.E.]

OEOCLUS (OImcAw), a aon of PoMidon hj Xm, who in eoDjoDction with the AhMdan, ia mi t» havt bailt tbe towti tiAmn in Boeotia. <Pai.iz.39. 1 ].)

OEO'LYCUS (OUAumt), « ms of Theni of SpRa, nd brother of Acoeoa, wu honoured at $juti with u banaa (Hand. it. 149 ; Pans. Id 11 1 &) [L. S.]

0EOWU3 <01m^>, b son of LicTiunins of Kite B Aigidis, wu the iint victor at Olympiat in feol-im {Find. xi 76, Ac ; Apollod. ii.7. iS; PaUB.iiL Ifi. 8 S.) Ha is said to imn bees Idlkd at Sbarta W tbe mus of Hi^ko- MM, bet waa ■ihhbu by Hendea, wboea kin*- ■SB he was aitd wee beueawd with a monnment HuibsteiBpleof Hemdea. (PausL^: &) [L.&]

OESALCEa, bntber of Oala, kiiM of the Nu- miiao tribe of tbe MaMjrfiaiie, whom he lacceeded n ibc throne, Kcording to tbe Numidian law of ■iWntaacei He waa at tbe tinw of Tcrjr advaneed uA di(d ibeitiy afkeri laarii^ two wma, Ca- laiiBidLantiMcea. (Ur. zziz.S9,) [S.H.a]

0ETOL1NU& [I^nma.]

OCTOSYRUS (OMwpvt), the name of a STdan dhinitf whom Hemdetos identifies with AeOn^ApoUo. (Hend. 59.) [US.]

OBTTLUS {OTrsAofX a son of Amphianaz, mi gmdsao of Antimachns of Argos, The La- neim town of Oetylus was beliered to have RcdTCd its nane from him, and he there enjojed tnic hoaen. (Pana. iii. 25. 1 7.) [L. S.]

(^BLLA, a nan of soood snue and of a ■mghfciwaid dniaalar, wbon Heraea eontnats ■ith ^ Stoie fOKlu of bis tima. (Hor. Sat iL - 3.) Tbe old editwns of Honue Inre OFellus, vUch Bntley propowed to diange into Ofella, nwaifciBg that OfeUa and Ofellitu wen known B«n >anM, but that OfeDus occurs nowhera ^ The ooajectuni of Ben lie j is now confitmed Masgipt anihoritj'.

OFKLLA, Q. LUCRBTIUS, originaJly bo- 1^ is the llaiian pai^, but deserted to Solla ; ad aldieegb be HmI not hitherto distinguished hiaatf ia anj way (Dion Caas. zxxir. Fnym. IM), Sella appointed him to tbe command of the ■twf <nploy«d in tbe blockade of Piaenette, where ^'Twaffi Mariae had taken nfnge in &c. 82. PncBLn was obliged to snrrender bi theoooTN of jeai, sad the jounger Marios put an end to his •*n Ufe. RttlTing on these •erriees, OfelU be- «w a candidate for the consulship in the foUow- ?ar, alihongh he bad not jtt been either '■MM or praetn-, thus acting in defiance of law Dt MapmlratilMM. Solla at &r«t ht- inpkd to disMiade bhn from *>«M«»t««g a auidi- ; bat as he peratsted in his purpose, and riiewd the fenun supported by a huge party, '^vataeenuiriontokitlkimtnthe middleof (««.aBd infbmad lha peenle that he had *«"nM tbe exeeaikn of OSdia, bnanse he to obey his emnBuidi. After nyhig thia, ^'■'^ uU tbein the following t^ wUcb is pre- KrTM hj Appiu :— " The lice were very troublc- acennByaan, as he was pbughiug. Twice ~*9M hti ptoogfaing, and purged bis jacket.

^ eas ilitt Utten ; and ia otder that he ■VAastbaUodnd in hia w«rt,he buratthe

jsdcet. And I advise those who have heen twii-e * hnmbled not to m^e lire necessary the third time." (Appian, B. C. i. 88, 94, 101 ; Plut. SulU 29, 33 ; Lir. 88, 8» ; Veil. Pat ii. '27, who erroneously nys that Ofella had been praetor.) The name of the centtirion that put Ofella to drath was Ii. Bellienns. He was afterwards brought to trial for this mnrder by Julius Caewr and con- demned. (Ascon. M Tog. Cand, p. 92, ed. Oielli ; Dion Cass, xxxvii. 10.) The orator, who is ch»- laeterised by Cicero (Bret 48) aa txmtiatibva apHor guoM jvdidv^ is probably the nme as the subject of this article, though the name in Cicere is corrupt.

OFELLUa [OFBLt*.]

OFI'UUS or OFEtLIUS. The name occur* in loicriptions in both fonns j bat in writers we geneiallj find OfiUni.

1. OnLiua CiiLAVitn, s Cnnpuiian in tbe time of the Samnite wars. [CaLaViifs, No. 3.]

% Ofillius ('O^Aios), as he is called by Appian {B. C. v. 128), a tribune of the soldiers in the army of Octavian, b. c. 36.

3. M. OpiLius HiLARUS, whose painless death is reeorded at kagth by Pliny. I H.N. vii 53. 1.54.)

4. Ofillius ('O^^AAioj), a philosopher men- tioned by Arrinn {EpM. ill. 32. g 27).

OFI'LIUS, Aq a Roman jurist, is named by Pomponiua (Dig. 1 . Ut 2. a. 2. § 44) Gaius Aulus Ofilius, but the praenomen Onicia appears to he some blunder of a copyist. Ofiliua was one of tlie pupils of Servius Sulpiuus, and tbe master of TtibeMi Ckpito and Labeo. He was a frieiid of Cieero, who, on one occasion, cites his opinion aa opposed to that irf Trebatiui (ad Fam. vri. 21, 9d Att. m. 37). He was also a friend of the Dictator Qwsar. Ofitins belonged to the e^ueo> trian order, bat he (Aitained a high reputation for legal knowledge. ** He wrote,'' says Pompoiiius (Dig. 1. tit 2. s. 2. § 44), "many treatises on the Jus Civile," among which De Legibia vieesintM (moaamtisMMnnK), and De JuritdietioM. The fifth book of his Pariittm it ctled (Dig. 83. 1. 55), and the nzteenth book of a work on aedons (33. tit 9. s. 3. §§ 5, 8), and a treatiw ad- dressed to AtticDs (50. tit 16. s. 234. § 2), who is probably T- Pomponius A tticns. Ofittus is often dted in the Digest Ofilius," says Pomponiui, "edictum piaetoris primns dlllgenter composuit," which profaobly rmwib an anan^ement of the edictal law, like the later work (rf Julian, or it might be a commentary upon it Caesar had conceived a deiign of armnging the Jua Civile, to which hii connection with Ofilius may hate contributed (Zimmera^GeKkidUedetRda.Priratnddg; Puchta Ouiw, j% vol. i p. 427 ; Gtotina, Fit. Jurit cohsmO.) IQ. L.]

OOCA COY<fa), the Carian name of Zeoa at Mysala^ in whose temple a sea-wave was seen from time to time. (Paus. viiL 10. § 3.) Strubo (xir. p. 639) calls the god of Mysala, in the Carian dialect Owigo. [L.S.]

OGUliNlA OENS, plebeian, ia most known throDgh one of its members being the proposer of tbe law, which opened the two great ecclesiastical cqrporatioDS to the plebeians. The lint and only person in this gens who obtained the consulship is Q. OgulniuB Odlns, who was consul b. c. 2fi9. Galluh ia the tmly cognomen of the Qgnlnii : the ethers, who bare no nunane, are ginn^low.' .

Dignized byCs®Ogl€

20 dOYOUS.

Tlw uinazsd coin belong* to thU gttnt, bat whom it was >tnick it nnuraua. The naiset on the obrena, n. Oovl. cak. vbr^ are thoM of triumnn of tb« mint, and tin ptobublj abbravim- tiona of Q. Ognlniiu, Cwviliiu, ud VeigiiuuB or Viigiliiu.

COIN OF OaVLWA UKNfc

OOUXNIUS. I, 2. Q. and Cn. Ogulnu. tribunes of the plnbe, B. c 300, proposed and car- ried a Iaw by which the nnmber of the pontiffs was increased from four to eight, and that of tlie augurs from four to nine, and which enncted that four uf the pontiflh and tive of the aiigurt should be taken from the pleba. (Liv. x. ti — 9.) Besides these eight pontifli Uiere nt t\i6 pontifejt maximut, who is generally not iuuluded when the number of pontiffs is spoken ot The pontifex inaximus con- tinued to be a patrician down to & a 254, when Tib. Conincanius wac the first plebeiun who wm invested with this dignity.

In B.C. 296 Q. and Cn. Ogulnii Wore cutule aediles. They prosecuted several persons for Violaung the usury laws ; and with the money nOcTuing from the lines inflicted in consequence they execnted many public works (Lir. x> 23). The iittina of Cu. Ogalniui does not occur again kfter this year.

In & u '294 Q. Ognlnius vns sent at the head of an embassy to Epidaurus, in order to fetch Aescu- lapius to Rome, that tlie plague might be stayed which had been raging in the city for more than two years. 1*116 legend relates that* upon the Hfriv^ of thft ambassndon at lipidaunis, the god in the form of a gigantic serpent issued from the sano- tnary, atid settled in the cabin of Q. Ogulnius, (Viil. Max. L 8 § 2 ; Aur. Vict, de Vir. lU. 22 ; Liv.Epil. 11; Oms. iiL 22; Ov. il/eJ.xv. 6-2-2, &c)

1» 2'ii Q. Ogeluius was again employed on an embaasy, b«ing oue of the tbive ambassadun unt by the senate to Ptiriemy Philadelphns, who had sought the friendship aud alliance of tlie Romans in loii sequence of their conquest uf Pyrrhus. The aiubtuwdors were received with gi«at distincliun at tlie b^gyfttiiui court, and loaded with presi'nts. Tlie«e they were obliged to accept ; but the golden crowns which had been given them, they i^Hued on the heads of the kin([*s ktatues ; and tbe other preaenU they deposited in the treasury immediately upon their arrival at Home, but the senate restored them to them. (Val. Max. iv. 3. § 9 ; Justin, xviii. 3 ; Dion Cass. Fnigin. 147i with the note of Fabriciiis.)

3. M. Ogulnius was sent into Giruiia with P. AquilliuB in h. C -210, in order to purchase com to be sent to Tarentum. (Liv. xxvii. 3.)

4. M. Ouui.Nius, tribune of the soldiers in the •eoond Ipgtun, fell in battle against the B<Hi, B. a 19fi. (Liv. xxxiii 36.)

ooyoUsoroaViaiis r%^>)< >> ■(>«»

tuiiet called • ^Hmtian lUtodithM, and aometimoa H son of Biwotnt. and king of the Hectene*, and llU nnt tMia of the territory itf TkelM% whieh

OLEM.

was called afker him Ogygfa. !■ hk idgn ^ waten of lako Copau rose aborc it* banki, and

inundated the whole valley of Boeotia. This flood it naually called after him the Ogygian. (PaiUk Ub 5. g 1 ; ApoUon. Rfaod. iii. 1177 ; Sur. ad Virg, Ed, vi. 41.) The nama of Ogyges is also con- nected with Attic story, for in Attica too an Ogygian flood is mentioned, axii be is described as the father of the Attic hero Eletiaa, and aa tbm father of Daeim, the daughter of Ooaanoa. (PMa. L 3& § 7.) In the Boeotian tradition he was the father of AUcomenia, Thelxinoea and Anlia (Suid. «. r. UpataiKJt t Paus, iz. 33. § 4.) Poly- bius (iv. 1) and Strabo (viii, p, 384) call Ogrges the last ki^ Af Achaia, and some tnditjoos even described him aa an Egyptian king. (Tieta. ad Lfc 1206.) [L. S. I

OICLES or OICLEUS C<^'^^ 'au\*it\ a son of Antiphates, giaudson of Melampos and father of Amphiaraas, of A^oa. (Hum. Od. xv. 241, &C.) Diodonia (iv. 32) on the other band, calls him a son of Amphiarana, and Paomiaa (vi. 17. 5 4)< ft •on irf Mantina, the brother of Autiphatea. Oidea rvccompunied Heraclem on hb expedition i^inst l^mmedon of Troy, and waa there slain in battle. (.\poIlod. ii. 6. § 4 ; Diod. iv. 3-2.) According to othier traditiona be retained home from the expedition, and dwelt in Areodia, where be waa visited by his grandson Alanaeon, and where in later times his fannb was ^own. (Apollod. iii. 7. § 5 ; Paus. viii. 36. § 4.) [L. S.}

OILKUS ('OOudt.) I. A Trojan, chariotoer of Bianor, waa slain by Agamemnon. (Hem. IL XL 93.)

3. A son of Hodoedocus and Laonome, grandson of Cynus, and gteat-grandsoii of Opus, Whs a king of the Locriaiia. and married to Eriopis. by whom he becHuie tlm father of Ajax, who is hence called Oilides or OVIiadet. Oileus was also the father of Medon by Hhene. (Horn. IL ii. 527, 725, xiii 697,712; Propwk iv. ]. 117.) He is also men- tioned anioiqi the Atgonauts. (Apollod. v. 10. § 8 ; ApoUon. Rbod. i. 74 ; Orph. Arpom. 191.) [L. S.]

O'LBIADES 0OA8<((3))f), the painter of m picture in the sennte-house of the Five Hundred, in the Cerameicus, at Athens, representing Coli[^ pus, the commander of the army which lepidaed the invading Oauls under Brennua, at Tbetmopylaa, a c. 279. (Paus. L 3. S 4. s. 6.) [P.

OLEN ('AAifi'), a mythical penonage, who ia repn»ented as the earliest Greek lyric poet, nod the tirst author of sacred hymns in hexameter verse, lie is closely connected with the worship of Apollo, of whom, in oue legend, he was made the propheL His connection with Apollo is also marked by the siatcment of the Delphian poetess Buen, who repreaenu him as a Hyperburran, and one of the establishers of oracles ; but the mora common story made him a native of Lyda. In either case, his coming from the extreme part of the Pelasgian world to Delos intimates the distant origin of the Ionian worship of Apollo, to wbiirh, and not to the Dorian, Olen pmperiy belongs. His uame» according to Welcker {E»ropa inid Kadmot, p. 35), signifies simply the JltUe'fJayr, Of the ancient hymns, which went Under his name, Pausanias mentions dioee to Here, to Achaela, and to Eflmthjia ; the last was in eelo- bntion of the Urth of Audio and Attamifc (Herod. IT. 85; Pan*. LIS. | A,ii. 18. | 3, v. 7.

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OLOPHEHNSa. 304; (>«»7,^M&aU,Tol.{i. pp.116, ISO, 136; KkiM. in Erach aad Ocuber*k Ea^opSdm; Fabric BOJ. t^ruec toL i. p, 154.) [P. S.]

OLE'NNIUS, one the chief centuriona (e frimipibtribm'), «u placed about a. B. 38 orer tbe Fnan, whom Dnuu had nbdiied. (TW Amm. W. 72.)

VLENUS. (rOAww;) 1. A md of HephsM- tu, and &dMr of tbe nympba Aege and Ho- fice, who broogfat up Zeus Intu whom Uie town of Okqiu in Aetolia wm belieted to have dwiTed ila nsme. (Hjrgin. Foit. AOr. 13 j Suph. Bn. c o.)

2. A m of Zeoo and the Dawud Auaxithea, fin whota the town of (Nonn In Aebuta derived itt name. (Steph. Bys. >;v. ; Stiab. viii. p. 386.)

3. A penon liring on Mount Ida, who wanted to tnke vpoa himaelf the punishment which hia wife had deaerred hj her pride of her beaaij', and win metaraorphoaed along with her into atoue. (Or. Met X. 68,&cl [L. S.]

T. OliLIUS. the fttber of Poppaea Sahina, was pot to daatfa at tbo ]MUt and rf the leign of Tiberina on accoont of hii intimacy with Sejsnoa. (Tac Amm. xih. 45.)

OLOPHERNES or 0R0PHENE3 fOAa. f^f^i, 'Opo^^prnf, 'Ofpotifmt). 1. Son of Aiisnmea I., brotb« of Aiiantbca and fiither of Ariaiathea II., kinp of Cappadoda. He waa nixh beloved by hia brother, who ■dnnoed him to tbe higheat poota, and lent him to aid Ar- tftxencnlll. (Ochns) in hia aubjugation of ^j'pt, B.C. 3A0. From this expedition Ohipbernea letnraad boBW, loaded hj m ^rnan king with gnat rewaide Ibr lua Mrrieee, and died in hia ■adve land. His brother Ariarathea adopted his cUer aoQ of the aame name. He left alio a joungcr MO, named Aijiea orAcyat^ (Diod. EcL 3 ; PhoL AU.244.)

2. One of the two snppoutitiona aona whom Aaliocfcia at fint impooed npon her bwaband, Aiiamtbea IV., king of Cappadocia. On the birth, bowever, of a real aoa, named Mithridatea (aftcrwarda AriBiathea V.), Olopbemea, that he B^bt not act np pretenaiona to the throne, waa •eat away into Ionia, when he does not appear to have inprored his morals. When Ariarathea V. icfitaed to mairr tha aiatar of Demetniu Sour, tbe latiCT aimpoited tbe claims of Olopheines to the crown of Cappadoda. Olopbemea, however, en- tered into a conspiracy with the people of Antioch to dethrone Demetrius, who, baring discovered tlie de«^, threw him into chains, but spared hia life that be might atitl keep Ariatathet in alann wiih bia prvtensionfc In q.c 167. when Arianthee had been drposed, and had fled to Rome, Olo- phenei aent tbitber two nnwropnlous emhassadors (Tiraotbaaa and Diogenes) to join the emianries ofDemetriqs in opposing his (so called) brother. According to Appuui the Romans decided that the two daimants should share the throne between tbem. W« are told, however, that Olopberqee did ■01 boU the kingdom hmg, and that hia reign was rignsliaod by a departure from the more simple cnatema of hia ancestors, und by tha introdtiction of systematte dfbauchery, like that of the lonians. To snpUy bis lavish extravagance, he opprossed and piliag«d his aubjecta, putting nurny to death, and nraliiirattng their property. Four hundred Ulenu be depoaiied with the citiaem of Priene, Ml nuuna ui ef » wvwm of fortune, aud

OLYBBIU& it

theae they affaHmrda natomd to hfan. We read alio that, when hb aflUra wen oa the dedine, and he became alamtod lest his soldiers shoold n>atiny, if their arrears noained onpaid, he plundmd a very ancient temple of Zens, to which great aanc- tity was attached, to enable him to satisfy their demands. (Diod. EoL 3, Mm. d» Virt »t yn. &88,&c{ Pbob J.eL; polyb. zxxii. 20; App.^. 47; Liv. xlvii.; Jul xxzv, 1 ; Athen. x. p. 440, b ; Dalechamp and Casiub. ad loe. ; AeL V. H. ii. 41 ; see above. Vol. I. p. 2B4.) [E. E.]

O'LORUSorO'ROLUSrOAopor/ppoAor) 1, A King of Thrace, whose daughter Hegesipyln, waa married to Miltiadee (Herod, vi. 39,41 | MarcelUn. VU. 71«&)

2. Apparently gnndspn of the above, and a^n of H^etipyla, waa pnhahly the oflipring of a second marriage contracted by her after the death of MilUades. This Olorns was the fiither of I'hu- cydides, the hitCoriau (Time. iv. 10* ; Marcellin. ViL 7W; Sitidais >. r. eoMcuSiSiit). [K. K]

O'LTHACUS (*OA«aic<r), a chief of the 8ev^ thtan tribe of the Daodarians, who served in the anny of Mithridates the Great, and enjoyed a high place in tlie favour of that prince, but aubeequently deserted to the Romans. This was, however, sc- cording U Plntarch, a mere feint, for the purpose of obuining aDceaa to Lncuthia, and thua effecting bis assaasination ; hut being accidentally foiled in this project, be again retnmed to the eamp of Mithridatea. (Plot Lm^L 16.) Appian, who also relates the same iloty (JfAjlr. 79), writes tiie name Ukafaas. [R H. El

OLY'BRIUS, ANI-CIUS CoaM^), Rrnnoa empetor in A. n. 472, was a descendant of tlio ancient and noble fiunily of the Aniclani. Down to 4&5 be lived in Rome, but left it after its sack by Oenaeric and ^e accession of Avitus, and went to Constantinople. In 464, he was made consul ; and in the same year, or some time previonriy, married Placidia, the daughter of the empefnr Vai- lentinian III., the some princess who had been a cap^ve of Genseric. It appears that Olybriut stood on very intimate terms with tiiat king of the Vandals, who waa active in helping him to the im- perial crown of Italy. In 47'2, during the troubles occasioned by the dissensions between the Western emperor Anthemiua and tiie powerfiil patrician Kiciiner, Olybrius waa aent to Italy by Zeno nnder the pretext of assisting Anthemius ; but his real motive was to seize the anpreme power,ascheine in which be was openly Assisted by GenMric, and secretly by the emperor Zeno, who, it appears, stuod in fear of Olybrius on account of his con- nections with tiie king of the Vandala Instead, therefore, ef pronotiiig the intetest of Antliemiua, he entered into negotiations with RIcimer, and ere long he was proclaimed emperor by a strong fitc tioii, with the connivance of Ricimer, to whom tbe imperial power was of mora value than the imperial title. Anthemios, however, was still in Rome, and enjoyed popularity. When Ricimw came to attack him, Authemina, supported by Gothic auxiliaries under Gelimer, made a stout resistance, till at last the besieger gained the city in consequence of his victory at the bridge of Hadrian. Rome waa onoe more plundered, and Anthemios was murdered by order of kirinier ( 1 1tb July. 47'2). Olrbrins was now recnjinici'il lu empernr without any opposition. and.coolii exeriise hi. powei ln>e from «'£,^^^>9Kln^f*et7

IS OLYMPIAS.

after thn catastrophe, Ricimer wsi attacked hj a Tiolent diitemper which carried him off a few weeks ■fterwanU. The onlj act of Olybriua during hia abort mgiit wfcieh ia necnde^iin hiatorj, is th« nuing of Oundobaldtu, tho n^bew of Rfdnwr, to the patridan dignitj. Olybnoi died a natntal death, aa it appears, on the 23d of October 472, after a shoit and peacefbl reign of three months and thirteen days. He left a daughtert Juliana Anicia, bj his wife Placidia. His succeaaoi was Oljcerioa. (Marcdliaiu Comes, Cassiodoms, Vic- tor, Giroiiiea; Ckrm. Almaiidr,, Cbrom, Pemiak; Ennudias, Vita S^iipk. p. 380 ; Entgrius, il 16 ; Procop. VamL i. 57 ; Zonar. vol i. p. 40 ; Mal- ehus, p. 96 ; Friscos in Emrpt. LegaL p. 74 ; Thetqilmn. p. 102, in the Paris edit.; Jotnandes, De Reb. GtOh. p. 128, ed. Lindenbrog.) [W. P.]

OLY'MNIUS {■^\ifwm), a physician of Alexandria, whose date is onknown, the author of a work on Critical Days, to be found in MS. in the king's library at Paris. (See Cnuner's Anead. Gratea Paria. vol i. p. 394.) [W. A. G.]

OLYMPIACITS, physician. [OLTMPicin.]

0LYM'PIAS('0\uf^vid5). I.WifeofPhiUpII., king of Macedonia, and mother of Alexander the Great. She was the daughter of Neoptolonas I., king of Epeirus, through whom she traced her descent to Pyrrhns, tho son of Achillea. (Justin. TiL 6. § 10 : Plut. Aloe. 2 1 Died. xix. 51 ; Pus. L 11. i 1 i Theopomp. fr. 232, ed. DidoL) Her temper, mrtnnllT vefaement and paasionate, led ber to engage with wild enthusiasm in all the mystic rites and orgies of the Orphic and Bacchanalian worship ; and we are told that it was on one of these occasions that Philip first met her at Samo- thiace, and became enamoured of her. (PluL Uc; Himerius ap. Phot. p. 367, K.) But It was not till some time after the accession of the latter to the throne of Macedonia, B. c 359, that their nup- tials took place. (Justin. L e.) The marrellous stories circulated at « subsequent period of the ctr- emnstancea connected with the Inrth of Alexander, B. c 856, and which gave rise to, or rather wm invented in support o^ the idea thst the latter was the son of Ammon and not of Philip, are too well known to require further notice. (Plut. Aloe. 2, 3 ; Paus. ir. 14. § 7 ; Justin, xl 11, xii. 16; Lndan. Al«r. 7 ; Ait. ..4tia6. It. 1(L § 3).

Platoieh and Justin abantdly ascribe to these nxqiieions the estfangement that subsequent) v arose between Philip and Olympias, for which the nu- merous amours of the former, and the passionate and jealous character of the latter are amply suffi- cient to account It is certain that the birth of their second child Cleopatia was subaequent to that «f Alexander ; nor wu it natil many years after that event that tb« mairiage of Philip with Cleo- patra, the niece of Attalua (b.c. 337), led to an open rupture between him and Olympias. The latter took refuge at the court of her brother Alex- ander, king of Epeirus, whom she simulated to engage in war with Macedonia, at the same time that she continued to foment the intrigues of her son and his partisans at die court of Philip. She appears to have been the prime mover of the scheme for the marriage of Alexander with the daughter of Pixodaius, which gave especial offienoe to Philip ; and it was even generally believed that she lent her countenance and support to the assMsainaUon of the kii^ by Pannniaa, B.C; 836. It however, budly credibla that ahe avineed her appnbation of

OLYMPIAS.

that deed in the open manmr ■nertcd bjr MOa

writers. (Plut Ale*. 2, 9, 10 i JintiiL i& S, 7 xi. 1 1 ; Athen. xiii. p. 557, c)

After the death of Philip she retUMd to ICaoft* donia, wbue she enjoyed the highest eonsidaimtiao and influence thimgh the affection and filial levet^ ence of Alexander ; of which she soon afttt ttmlc an anworthy advantage Iqr availing horsdf of tbe absence erf the young king to put to death ber rival Cleopatra, together with her inbnt daughter ; an act of cmdty whidi excited the vehement indign*- tion of AlemndCT. (Plut AUx. 10 ; Jnstin. is. 7 ; Paus. viii. 7. §7). It is, indeed, a remarkable trait in the character of the latter that while he was throughout his life conspicMoos for his warm at- ' taidunant to bis mother, he did not allow hiniaelf to be blinded to her faults : during hia campaigna in Asia he maintained a constant oorrespondence with her, and lost no opportunity of showing her respect and attention ; but bar ftvqueiit com|^i.ts and representations against hii personal fnenda, especially Hephaeition, remained unheeded, and he strictly forbade her to interfere in politial affiura, or enenmdi npon the i»ovince of Antipat«r in the government of Macedonia. In this reapect, however, his injmctiena ware inefiectnal : Oijm- pias and Antipater were oonUnually engaged in the bitterest fnids, and their letters to Alexander io Asia wen uniformly filled with complaiuu and raoiminationo against each other. Whether tbe r^msentationa m Olymidae eonoeming the aabi- tions character and dangerous deugns of the regent had really produced any effect upon the mind of the king, or that he deemed it best to put an end to Uiese bickerings and jealousies by the separaiioa of the parties, it il certain tliat Cnterns had been appointed to soceeed Antipater in the regency of Haeedonia, while the latter was to conduct an amy of fresh levies to Babylon, when tho death of Alexander himself (b.c. 823) caused an entire change of arrangements. (Arr. Amab. vii, \'i ; Plut AUx. 3S, 68 i IKod. xviL 32, 114. 118 ; Justin. nL 14.) By that event Antipater was placed in the undisputed control of afbirs in Macedonia and Greece, and Olympias deemed it

Erudent to withdraw herself beyond the sphere of ia power : she accordingly took refuge in Epeirua, where she urged her cousin Aeaddes to Uie league of the Greeks iwunst Antipata. (Pana. L 11. § 3.) But the EpeirDU reftued to follow , their king, and the rictory of Antipater and Craterus over their confederates for a time ■crushed the hopes of Olympias. Her reotlesa ambition and her bitter luitred to the Macedonian regent soon prompted her to firesh schemea. Leonnatns, in whom aha had hoped to nuse up a rival to AnUpattf, had fidten in the Laann war [Lxonnatub], and she now turned her views towards Perdiccas, to whom she offered the band of her daughter Cleopatra, in order to withdraw htm from his projected nnion with Nicaaa, the daughter of Antipater. (Airian,a;>. PAof. p. 70,a.) Perdiccas, however, did not judge it pmdent aa yet to break off the proposed alliance, though be secretly doterained to marry Cleopatra: but his death in E^pt the followmg year (b.c, 321), put an end to all h(^ from that quarie& Olymfuaa, in consequence, continued to live, as it were, in exila in Eporaa until the death of her old memy Antipater (K-a 319) presmlcd ■ new opening to bar ambitioa, very name, u tho

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OLYMPIAS.

DoAn- of Alemidn-, Mill nrried mncb weight villi tbe Macedonians, and her slIianM mu now Mprir coorted by the new r^ent Poljaperchon, wlio stood in n*»d of her snpport against Cm- Mnder ; and he sent her ui honourable embMsy, tmplortng her to return to Macedonia, and under- take tbfl charge of the young prince Alezaoderf ihf aon of HoxuMk She, however, followed tbe adnee of Enmene*, that ahe ibonld remain in I^irw apttl tbe fertDDe the war wai decided, and contented heraelf with inteipoRing the weight tt her name and aathoritj in &Tour of Poly- tpmhon in Greece, and of Eumenes in Asia. (I>iod. jcTiiL 49, 57, 68, 62, 65.) For a time, indeed. fortni>e appeared to be nnfiiToiinble : the di«aferra of Pcdytperchon in Greece, and the allance condoded br Eorrdiee with Ouaander, gave a dedded ptepnnderanee to the opposite party. But in B-c. 317, OlynipiM detennined to i^e a more Tigonnia part in tbe contest, and looli the field in peraim, together with Polyiperchon, at the bead of aa army fotnUbed by the king of f^roM. Enrydice met them with eqnal daring ; bat when tbe mother of Alexander appeared on the Md, earrounded hy a train in bacchanalian i^le, the Macedonians at once declared in her fcvoor, and Eoiydice, abandoned hy her own tnlep^ fled to Ampbipolia, where the non after Ml Bto the handi of h/a inplacaUe rival, and waa put to death, together widi h» mifiinnnale hna^nd, the pnppet king ArriiidaetH [EtntYDici]. Not content with thia unneeeseoiy act of cruelty, Olympiaa firilowed np her vengeance by the execa- tion ik Nicaaor, the brother of CaiMnder, aa well •a of on hnndrod of hia leadii^ paniiaBa among Uie Macedonian noblea, and even wreaked her fany upon the lifeteea lemaina of hia brother lollas. (Diod-ziz. II ; Juatin. ziv.5 ; Athen. xiii p. 560,1; IWi. 11. §4; Pliit.v4/w.77 ;Ael, Ktf.ziii. 35.) But her aangninarj triampb was of ahtnl duration : her cmeltiee alieoatad the misda of the Macedo- wmm, and Caawmder, who wa> at that tiate in the Pdammeae. buiamd to rdae the siege of Tegen, ia wnidi he was eng^ed, and tum-his arms agoinat ICaeedMua, Olympiaa on hia approach threw her- aelf (togetlMr with Rozana and the young Alei- aado-) nto ^rdna, where ahe tntated to be able to bold oat sntu PoljwpaiAoa or Aeocidea ahooU come to her nikt '; bat Caannder aoceeeded in euttii^ off all ioecoura from without, and kept tbe ci^ dooely Uockaded both hj tea and land tfanMghoat the winter. At length in the apringof 31S. after anflinng the itmoet extremitiee of &- nrine, Olynpiaa wm coapdlad by Ae inoMaiiig ^content ^tbe ganim to aoncBder to Caaaan- der, atipaktiBg only that her life ahoald he apored. Bat DotwitfastandiDg this promiae, Ae eraqnoor earned her to be arraigned before the aaoembly of tbe Macedonians ibr h«« late executions, and con- demned to death without being allowed a hearing.

in VMB pnteated agaiiMt the ■enteaee, I and daminded to be heoid ia her own de&oee, I CaeaawJcr feared the eflect which bw pefscmal ap- pearance might prodooft, and despatched a body of aoldioa to pat her to death. Even those men, awed bj her daring and majeatic carriage, hesi- tated to lalfil their ordera, but the friends of the MacMSoipana whom she had so faoelf pnt to death, nnbad in and despatched her with many woundi. She art ber &ta with a fortitude and dignity MrthyoftlwiBOtfavof AbandK OunDdaria

0LYMPI0D0RU8. 93 said to have denied the rites of eepnlture to her remains. (Died. zix. 35, S6, 49 — 61 ; Jnstfai. ziv.$i Pans, iz. 7. §2; Polyaen. iv. 11. fSj Aelian. f/. AT. zii. 6 ; Enseb. Arm. p. 165.) Of her ehatacter it is unnecessary to spmk, a^ the events above rehited : she was certainly not with- out something of the grandeur and loftinesa of spirit which distinguished ber aon, but ber an- govenuible posnons led her to acu of M^niiMty cruelt J that mast for erw diagiaoe her name. Her life was made the subjeet of a Mpanta Uogmphy bv Amjntianut, a writer in the nim of M. Aure> li'ns. (PhoL fitU. p. 97. a.)

2. Dnnghter of Pyrrhua I. king of Epmnis, and wife of her own brother Alexander IL After hia death she assumed the r^encf of tbe kingdom on behalF of her two sons, Pyirhoa and Pfarfnny ; and in order to strengthen herself ngninst the Aetoliana gave her daughter Phthiain marriage to Demetrius 11. king of Macedonia By this alliance she se- cured herself in tbe posoesaion of the aoveiwgntjt which she continued to administer till her aona were grown up to manhood, when she reugned it into the hands of Pyrrhns. But the deaths of that prince and hta brother Ptolemy Miowed in quick succession, and Oljmpiai herself died of grief for her dooble loss. (Justin, zzviii. S.) Soch is Joatin's statenaiti acMnBngtoanDtberaaeonnt Olyminas had poisoned a Leucadian damsel named Tigris, to whom ber ton Pyrrtiua was attached, and was herself poisoned hy him in revenge. (Athen. xiii. p. 580, f ; UeUadins, ap. PkoL p. 530, a.)

8. laughter of Polycletos of Lartssa, was the wife of Denttriw, lamoned the Handsome, by whom Am became tho nnlber of Antigonna Uoaon, afWrworda king of Macedonia. (Easeb. Arm. p. 161.) [E. H. B.1

OLY'MPIAS. a female patntei; of whom Pliny knew nothing more than that she instmcted Auto- bnltts. (tf. M zxzv. II. S.40. S43.) [P.S.]

OLY'MPICUS ('OAivwur^t), sometimes called Ofympiaeiu, but probably inconwtly, a physiciait ol Miletna, who belor^ed to the sect of the Metho- diei, though he did not embrace all their doctrines. (OoJen, liOrod. c 4, vol ziv. p. 684.) He was the tutor of Apotlonfaia of Cyprva (Gaian, Da Math. Mad. i. 7» v<d. z. p. 54), and thmfbre lived in the first century after Christ. Galen does not appear to hare thought v^ highly of him, as he calls him " a frivolous (KttfMnt) person" {Ibid. p. 63), and criticiaee severely his de^nitton of the words ih'is'a andw^fAn. (/WA pp. 54,4c (f7,*c;) [W.A.G.]

OLVMPION CO\mMrl«vXanambaasadors«it by Gentina, the Illyrian king, to Peraens, in &.C. 168. (Polyb.zziz.3,3; Lir. zliv.33.) [GxM- Tiua; PxRMua.]

OLYMPIODCRUS CO^e,«rw»»pofX hie- torical. 1. An Athenian, the son of Lampon. He commanded a body of SOO picked Athenian troops at the bottle of Plataaae. When the Megoriana were bring bard |««ased by the Perrian cavaW before the general et^agement, this body vS AtE lenians nndertook to relieve tbem, a service from which all the other Greeks shrank. (Herod, ix. 31 i PluL AriiUd. p. 327, a.).

2. An Athenian, againat whom a law-soit was brought by his bnther^in-Iaw, Gallistratua, r» qwcting an inheritance left by a man named Conon. Denoethoies wrote tbe speech mrA 'OXi^ie- iAfav for tm tUa infiiiiiii The poc-

Digitized by Goegle

M pI,YMPIOD0RU&

ticntRniif tht diapat* are detailed in the ipeech, to wbieh the Rodar ii reE»rred.

3. An Afhenira genenl mud lUteunui of con- •idenibte tdiilitjr. When Cawuider mftde bia eitempt upon Athena in B. c 293, Olympiodonia aailed to Aetolk, and indnoed tiw AetoUana to MHid naiatanee to Athena | and Caaauidw wm eonipeiled to withdraw hie fnicea. Shortly after- wardis when Ehtoa, which had been oonquerad hy CatKuider, revolted from him, it wu mainly dirough Olympiodonia that it waa enaUed to hold out Bgainat his troopi. Subtequeiitly, in It, c *26il, when Demetrini wiu itripped of liia kinfrdom hj LyuDiacbiia and Pyrrhua, a tnuiU number of the Athejiimu, with Oljrmpiodorua at tlieir head, reaolved to rid the city of the Macedonian garriaon which DemeUioa had poated in Athem in the fortieaa of the Museum after hia conqueat of the «ty, and which atUl remained faithful to him. The Athoiiana readily joined Olyrapiodonu and bia confederates, and tlie Muaeum waa carried by atoim. Peiraena and Miinychia wore alao re- covered, and Olympiodonia, at the head of a amall body of troopa which be miaed at Eieuaia, put to flight a body of troopa in the aerrice of Demetriua, who were raTigiiig the plain. Deroetiiita inveated Athena, but wm sompeUed by the approach of Pyrrhua to raiae the aiege, and shortly afterwards croaW over into Asia Minor. It waa probably tliia Olympiodonia who waa arcbon eponymua in B. c. 294. Tliere waa a ataUia of him on the Acropolis. (Pana.L36.§2,i.2S.$13.z. 18.f 7, 11.34. S3.) tC.P.M.J

OLYMPIOIXyRtTS (*Oht«nrUSMpey),Uterai7. 1. A writer mendoned by Pliny atnonnt those from whom he drew raatenida fep the Ittu book of his Natural Hiitory.

2. A diaciple of Tbeophraatua, with whom waa depouted one of the copies of hia will (Diog. Laert. T. £7.)

3. An historical writer, a Dative of Tfaebr* in Eirypt, who lired in the fifth centuiy after Chriat. He wrote a work in 22 booka, entitled 'Itrropiml AoToi, which compniied the history of the Western empire under the reign of Honorioa, from A. o. 407 to October, A. D. 425 (Clinton, Fad. Aojr. anno 435). Olymidodwua took np the biatory from about the point at whidi Eun^ns had ended, (■Rif;*APiuB.]

The MiKiiial work of Olympiodonia ia loat, but ail abridgment of it has been pceserved by Pbotiua (Cod. itU), who daacribes theatyle of the work aa beiirg cieer, hat without fonx or T^pmr. loose, and desceiidiiifi to vulgarity, so aa not to merit being culled a liintory. Of this Pliotiua thinks that the autlior hiniaelf was aware, and that for this reasnn he Mpoke of his work as bein^ not a hiatnry, but a coilectiou of materie^a for a history (0Aq avy- ypap^t). U waa dedicated to the emperor Thaiv doaiua II. Olyvpiodorua aeema to hare bad better qnalificauuna aa a statennaa than aa a writer ; and ia various misaiona aud embassies amongst bar- barian states he rendered im^rtant aerricea to the eaipire, for which the highest honours were con- fivi-ed upmi him by the Roman senate (Pbotiust CWL 214. p.l7U ed. BakkcT.) He was unt by Honnrius on an embaasy to the Hnna, probably to Hungary. After the death of Honorins Olympto* dams removed to Byiantinin, to tfaa court of (he emperor Theodosius. Hiendes dedicated to this Dlympiodanis hit work on proTtdence and fttln

OLTMPIODORUa

[HiEHocLSfl], the groundworic w idea of which be profeaaea to have derived from him. Photiaa anatev that Olympiodonia was a vonrnff, that is, an alchy- tuiat. It has been auppoaed fhat this statement has arisen from a confuuon betwaen this and aorne other man of the nine name. Bat Photina di»- Mnctiy make* the atatement on tfaa authoritj of OlyrafHodunu himadf («f mh4s t^ri). It appeara, fn>m what Photiua has preserved of hia vritiuga, that he WHS a heitthen.

The abridgment by Photiua baa been several times publialied : by Phil, f^thbeua, in bia Rdotjam Hittar. He Rebua ByvmL ; by Sylburg, in hia C'ol- IfcUa Soriftorum Hini. Romu Mhorum; byAndrena Schottus, in his ICdoffog HUorieotm da HMua Bj/zofitmU ; and, in conjunction with Deirippus, Kunapini. and other historical fragments, by Nie- buhr. Bonn, 1829. (Fabric BibL Gtmc vol. x. pp. 632. 703.)

4. A peripatetic philoaopher, who tangfat at Alexandria, where Proclua was one of hia pupila and speedily attracted theattention of 01>'mpiadorua, who was so much attached to him that he wished to betroth his daughter to him. Owing to the r^idity of his ntterance and the difficulty of the aabjecu on which he tmted, ha was nndentood by very few. When hia lectures were oonelndrd, Proclua naed to repeat the topics treated of in them for tha benefit of those pupila who were alower in catching the meaning of their maater. Olympiodorua had the reputation of being an eloquent man and a pro- found thinker. Nothing of his has come down to us in' a written fbm. (Marinas, VUa i'neli, ^ 9 ^ Snidaa,ft«.; Fabric. .fl£6^ Graec toLz. p. 62H.)

h, A philosopher of the Platonic school, a con- temporary of laideniB of Peluaiiim, who in one of his letters (iL 25fi) reproaches him for neglecting the precepts of PLito, and apending an indoleut life. (Fabric. BiU. Graec vol iii. p. 180.)

6. The last ^iloiapher of any celetvity in the Neo-Pbrtonic ecbod of Alexandria. He Uvad in the firtt half of the sixth Mntnrr after Chriat, in the reign of the emperor Justinian. He waa a younger contemporary, and possibly a pupil, of DamaaciuB ; the partiality which he nnifitnnly shows for him, and the prHerenoe which tte givoa bun even above Proclua, seem to indicate thih Our Icnowledge of Olympiodonia Is derived fisDn those works of hia which have come down to na. From a passage in his scholia to the Alcibiades Prior of Plato, Creuier has acutely inferred that he taught before the Athenian school was finally anppreaaed by Jaatinian, that ia. before a. d. 529 ; though the coafiacationB to which the pbikisophera were being snbjected are alluded t«,. Andinvariona other passages the philosophy of Proclos and Damaariua is spoken of as atill in existence. From what we have of the productiona of Olym|Hodarus he af^ieara to have been an acute and rJear thinker, and, if not atrikiogly original, far from beii^r a mere copyist, though ho follows Damaariua [wetty ctoaely, He waa a man of extensive reading, and a great deal of valuable matter from the lost writings of other philoaophera, as lamblialiua, Syrianna, Damasdus. and othen, with historical and myiho- k^ical noticea, have come down to as throus^i him at second hand. In his sketches of the genem] plan and abject of the dialognea of Plato.^ and of their dramatic conatrnctioii and the characters in- trodoced, ho exhibited great ahilitv. A smat deal that ia nloaUe ia rIm» to be found in hia analyse*

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OLTMPIODORU8.

or Phrfn. Hb

■tjk. u iwght We been expected, i» marked by wnnl the aolecMme of bii age, bat exhibiu in tW anin ■ cmMtanc endewrour after puritj and HtUMj. Hia acholia, aa «e have tbem, were put ieta a vtitten (bnn bj hia pupila, fnu note* wMck tbev ta*k of hia leetam, and are diilributed inu> rpiita, or lenoni. Th« inicripuoDi which preoede tke wholia ttata that thej were written iwi ^w^t O^uuwMtmfon TBu ftrjiKov fiAorn^w. Thia will piubafalj aceouDt for man; of the defect* of atjle obnniaMo ia Olyupiodomi. Of hit compoaitiona tbm han ccma down to aa a life of Piato ; a palrtucal work a([aitnt Stato (in MS. at Munich) ; aad orbolie on the Ik^mw. Philebna, Phaedo. and AiciUadea I. of P]mi>. Whether these were aO the wotka of Plato on which be commentedf or KM, we do not know. The life of Plato waa pub- Uikcd ill Weiatein^ edition of Diogenei Laertius, ia 1592. from tke potthnmoui psipera of la. Casau* boa. It woa a|pin publiahed by Etwnll, iu hia mitiaa of three of Plato's dia1og»e% Lond. 177) i and UT FiKher, in hia edition of some dialogues of PUto. Ijeipiig. 176S. Some of the more important aehotia en the Phaedo were pnbliahed bj Nathan Panter, Oxftid, 175S ; bjr Piadber (Le.); and ia a more eoaplMe lonn, by Hjiloxidea and Scatnaih in tbcir SiAAoTit XUiivmim' dvMS^w, Venice, 1816. The scholia to the Ooi^iaa were publuihed by Rontb, in hia edition of the £uthjr> deoraa and Oorgiaa, Oxford, 1 7S4 ; those to the PaiiebBa Stall bwun, in hia edition of Fkto, Leipaig, 1826; thoaa en tbaAleibiadaal^CreuBer, Plukfcrt, 1831. (Fabn. BiU. CraM toL z. p, £31.)

7. An Ariatotelic pbihMopher, the anthor of a eeamentaiy on the Mthoroloffiea of Aristotle, wkicfc ia still sztaat. He fainudf (p. 37, 6) speaks sf Aleaandiia aa kia rewdeuee, and (p. 12,6) men* tiona tke camet wkic^ appeared in the 281st year

of tke Diodetfan etE(A.a565X*"^t*')«P^'^<x^ when he lived ia fixed to the latter half of the axth eentUT aStet Christ His work, like the achoaia of the Neo-Platwuc pfailoaopbef of the saw aarea, in divided into ap^eis ; from which it woald aeesn that the Ariatot^ philosophj waa taught at Alexandria even after the Nro-Ptatotiic icttool had beoome extinct. Like Siinplicius, to whom, howerer, he is inferior, he endeavours to tccoDdle Plato and Aristotle. Of Prodos he speaks with great ndmiratiou, atjling him i dstof ; bat his inu anthoritf ia Ammanim. Hia commentary was puUiahed by the aona of Aldua, at Venice, 1551. (FVhric HiU. Gnue. toL x. p. 628, Ac, who gives a liat of tlie anthon quoted by him.)

8. tianiamed Uiacoiius or Mouachiu, an eccle- SBsiie who lived in the sixth century. He sustained the office of diaconiu in Alexandria. Ua is roeu- tisoad with CDiaBnendation \sj Aoastaaiua Siuaita, vba daariahed not huer than a. a. 680—700. He wiele cmnaieDianes on the books of Job, Eira, JcKioiafa, and Ecdeaiastea. The notes «i Job, oiiitkd Hjfptdketet sa Jjibrm Jobi, arere p^>lisbed is s Latin tnnahuioot by Paolos Comitolus, Veiuea, latl ; and. with tboaa on Jeremiah, b the Cbtasoe V^airsuB CjuiLLjasi The mnmentaiy on Eccle- ■issM waa pahlialMd in Greek in the Aitetaritm

DtntoMmm iiibliatkmn» Patnm, Paria, 1624.

iMlia munhiioDa of it hare been sevetml times

HbbJied. f Fabric Ifi^ GrxMc voL x. p, 627 ;

mS!!--, /L-. Jtitdl toL u. p. IM.) [aP.M.J

OLTMPUSb 9S

OLTHPKySTHSNES ^(»:v^nM9tm\ a sculptor, wboss country is pnknown, made three of the statues of the Musea, which wen set up on Mt. Helicon, and the other six of which were made by CephiaodotuB and Slrongylion. (Pans. ix. 30. $ 1.) It may safely be infened that the three artists were conttanponuy ; but, looking only at the passage of Pausaiiias, it is doubtfiu whether the elder or the younger Cei^isodotus is meant. It af^ieara, however, from other evidence that Stroiigylion waa a contemponry of Piaxiteka, and therefore of tha ekiet Cephiaodotvk [SrmoKay^ LION,] Aecoiding to tfaia, the date of Olympio^ tbenea would be aboot b.c. 370- [P-S.]

OLY'MPIUS fOArf^tTMK), the Olympian, oe- enn as a somame of Zeus (Horn. IL i. 353), Heracles (Herod. iL 44), the Mums (Olympiadea, IL ii, 491). and in general of all the goiU that wen beliend to Htb in OlynqiBS, in contradi*- tinction from the gods of the loarw world. (7/. i. 389 ; c<nnp. Pans. L 18. S 7, 14. % 6, ri- 20: §2.) [L.S.]

OLY'MPIUS (*OArf^wioj), a lawyer, born pro- bably at Tralles in Lydia, in the sixth century after Cbriat. His &ther's name was Stcphauus, who was a phjaician (Alax. Trail 1m Mtdie. iv. 1, p. 198) ; one of hia bnthan waa the physidaii Alexander Trallianns ; another the architect and nrntbematiciao Anthemius ; and Aeatbias men- tions {Hut. w. p. 149. ed. 1660) that his other two brothers, Metrodorus and Dioscana, were both eminent in their seveml profeauops. [W. A. G.I

OLY'MPIUS NEMESIA'NUS. [Nsmkm-

aMUB.]

OLYMPUS rOAwimi). 1, AtewiberafZein, after whom the god is said to ha** been called tha Olympian. (Diod. iii. 73.)

2. ThefiuherofMarayaa. (Apellod. L 4. |3,)

3. A disciple of Marsyaa, and a oelebnted fluto* player of PbrygiiL For a further account of thia personage, who is closely connected with the hi^ torical Olympus, see the following article.

4. The bther of Cius, from whom Mount Olym- pna in Mysia was belie^'ed to have reeved ita taune. (SehoL ad TJmer. xUL SO,)

3. A aon of Heiaciea hw Eabo«a> (ApoUod, ii. 7. S 8.)

6. Olympns, the abode of the gods also re<|ui»s a few words of comment ia this place. Mount Olympus is situated in the north-east of Thessalf , and is about 6,000 feet high ; on ita anmmit which riaea abore the dondaof hMT«n,apd ia itadf eloud- lesa, Hephaestna had built a town with gate^^ wkielt was inhabited by Zeus and the other godik (Od, tL 42, xi. 760, The palace of Zeus contoiiied an assembly-hall, in which met not only the goda of OlympuB, but thoea alao who dwelt on the earth or in the sea, (//, xz. fi.) This celestial moun- tain must indeed be diitinguished from heaven % bat OS the gods lived in the city which rose abova the clouds and into heaven, they lived at the same time in heaven, and the gates of the celestial city were at the same time regarded aa the gatea' of heaven. {IL t, 749, &e.) [L. S,]

OLYMPUS COAu^Tos), the physician in MtU* nary to Cleopatra, queen ot £gypt, who aided her in committing suicide, b. c. 30, and afterworda published on account of her death, (Plut. Anium, c 82.) [W, A. G]

OLYMPUS {'OXoftwn), muMcians. Suidaa diatiitgiiiiliee three Greek maaiciaiia d thia nani«|

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26

OLYMPUS.

0MIA8.

of whom tba 6nt ia mythicrU, nnd the lut hiitori- nl : the Heood probaUy owm hU sziitniea onlj to nme nUtake n Suidu, or tlie writer wbom h« copied, sEnce Starch who ia a much better autho- rity only recognisH two muaiciBni of the name ; both of whom are connected witli the anletic mnoc. which had its ori^ in Piuj^m. (Plat, dt Mm. p. 1188. d. e.)

1. Tlie eld«r Oljapoi bakngi to the mythical genealogy of Hyaian and Phrygian flate-playen — Hyagnii. Manyaa, Oljrmpna — to each of whom the invention of the flute aacribed, and nnder whose names we have the mythiod npn- aenlatioD of the contest between the Phrygian aaletk and the Greek dtharoedie music : some vriten made him the father (instaad of son, or disciple, and favourite of Manyaa), hat the genes- logy given above was that more generally received. Olympas was said to have been a native of Mysia, and to have lived before the Tn^an war. The eom- podtions ascribed to him were MfiM fif raif ftto^i, that is, old melodies appropriated to the worship of particular gods, the origin of which was so ancient as to be nnknown, like thme which were attri- buted to Olen and Philaramon. Olympus not an- frequently appears on works of art, as a boy, some- times instructed by Maisyaa, and sranetimes as wibwning and lamenting hia fata. (Said. a. «. ,• PIUL dB Mum. pp. 11.H2, 118S. c; Apollod. i.4. §2; Hygin. Fab. 165,273; Ovid, Metam. tL 393, El^. iii. 3 ; Mi.RBirA(i.) It may fairly be assumed that this elder and mythiod Olympus was iifrented through some mistake respecting the youngst aad really historical Olympus. (Respect- ing this oottfosion, aee MUllar, HMorg of Grmk L&tnUjn^ p. 136.)

2. The true Olympas was a Phrygian, and per- haps belonged to a family of native mnsicians, since he was said to be descended frwn tlie first Olympas. MUller supposes that then was an hereditary nee of flate-players at the festivals of the Phrygian Mother of the Ooda, who churned a descent mim the mythical Olympus. He ia placed by Plutarch at the head of auletic muiic, as Ter- pander stood at the head of the citharoedic : and on aoeoont of his inventions in the art. Plutarch «Y«n asMgna to him, lathsr than to Terpaiidcr, the honour of being the father of Greek music, Apxn- yis rqr 'EAAqi'iit^T Kol koX^s fiouffittfit {De Mm. pp: 1133, e^ 1135, c.). With respect la his age, Suidas places him under a king Midas, son of Gordius ; bnt this telli us noAing, for these were alternately the names of all the Phrygian kings to the time of Croesos. Mailer placet him, far satia- factory reasons, after Terpander and befbn Thale- te«. that ia, between the 30th and 40th Olympiads, B.a 660—620. Though a Phrygian by origin, Olympus must be reckoned among the Greek mnsi- cians i for all the accounu make Greece the scene of his artistic activiiy,and hia aubjects Greek ; and he had Greek diaciplea, such as Cnt» and Uietaz, (PlnL da Mai. pp. I183.e.,lU0,d. ; PolL it. 79.) He may, in fact, be considered as having natural* ixed in Greece the music of the flute, which had previously been almost peculiar to Phrygia. This species erf music admitted of much greater ntinp tions than that of the lyn ; and, accordingly, ■erenl new inveationa are ascribed to Olympus. The greatsat of hia invenUons was that of the third ■yitaat, vgrnmif of nouo, the Enharmonic, far an •apbuMon ef wlaA «• Did^4A a. «. Jfans.

Of the oarticahtf tanes (rdj/uc) aacribed to htm, ' the nuMrt important waa Uie 'A^fM^tet vifMas^ a nownfol and passtonatt stnin, of the ibyUin of which we are enabled to form an idea from • pas- tige in the Onwto of Euripides, iriiich waa aet to it, as the passage itself tells ns. A ditge, aJw, in honour of the akin Python, was said to have been played by Olympas, at Delphi, on the flate. and in the Lydian atyl& Arivtophinaa mentions a moumfiil strata, set to more flutee than one ({uv- BoAfa), as well known at Athena under the natne of Olympus. (£!^. 9 ; oomp. SAol. and BruDck*S note). But It can hardly be supposed that his music was all mournful ; the nome in honour of Athena, at least, must have been of a diflerent charactM'. Some ancient writers ascribe to him the Nomoa Orthios, which Herodotus attributes to Arion.

Olympas was a great inventor in rhythm an well as in music. To the two existing spedesof riiyihoi, the tirM', in which the arm and Ikax* are equal (as in the I^etyl and Anapaeat), and the SiTAtlo-io*-, in Vhich the ofw ia twice the length of the t<Um (aa in the Iambus and Trochee), he added a third, the it/u^A(Of, in which the length <rf the arats ia equal to two short syllables, and that of the £AMsr to three, aa in the Cretic foot (L w the P neons (£ w w V, Ac;), and the Bacchic faot (v L. .), thoigh there is some doobt n^athar the lot fim was used by Olympus.

Then ia no mention any poena compoaed by Oljrmpus. It ia argued by some writen that the inseparable connection between the earliest com- positions in music and poetry forbids the wippt^ sition that he composed muaic without wonU. Without entering into this difficult and eKien- •tve question, it is enough to ebeenre that, what- ever words may have been originally connected with his music, they wen superseded by the com- positions of Uter poets. Of Uie lyric poeU who adapted their compositions to the nomas of Olym- pus, the chief was Srwicuoaua of Himera. (Plu- tarch ds A/w. passim ; MiiUer, Ulriei, Bode, and a very elabonte artide \ij Bitadit, in Etieh and Gmber's Bw^iiop&Ais.^ [P. S.j

OLYMPUS ('OAvfiwes), a statuary, wfaoea country is unknown, and respecting whoae dat* it can only be said that he lived later than the BOth Olympiad, b.c.460 [OnnoT^a]. He made the statue at Olympia of the panentiait Xenophon, the son of Menephylos, of Aegram of Aehaea. ( Paus. vi. 3. 8 5. s. U.) [p.s.]

OLY'NTHIUS, an anhiteot, who is said to have assisted Cleootenes in the building of Alex- andria. (JnL Vder. dt IL G. Alt*, i. 21, 23 : MiUter, AnkaoU d. ftouf, % 149, n. 2.) [P.

OLYKTHUS rOAu4«l a soa of Hendea and Bolbe, from whom the Thmcian town of Olyn- thua, and the river Olynthus near the Chalcidian town of Apollonia, were believed to have received their name. (Steph. Bya. jlo.; Athea.viii. p. 3&4| Conon, Noma. 4, when another penoa of the same name it mentioned.) [L> S.1

OMA'DIUS C^WSwi), that it, the flesh-eatw, a tomsme of Dionyios, to whom human sacrifieea wen offered in Chios and Tenedos. (Oiph. Hymm. &\. 7 t Porphyr. de Abtti^. iL 55.) [L. S.]

OMIAS ('aMfaf), a Lacedaemonian, was the chief of tiie ten comraiationers who wen test to Philip v., king of Maoedon, then at Tegea (b. c. 220), to give aaaamacea of fidelity, and to npi»- •ent the ment tumult at Sparta, ia «Udi tha

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ONATAS.

Sfkm Adenntu mad otben of tie Macedonian . futf kal been murdered, aa having originated wiA AdoDUtaa himadfl Philip, haTing heard Onba and hia colIeHgueH, rajected tbe advice of nse of hia canniellan, to deal severely with SfaRa, mod meat Petraeoa, one of hi> frienda, to imnpBiijr the cacpniiaaioneri bock, and to exhort A» l^aedaenoniana to abide atead&atly hj their abate vith kin. (PoljU iT. 22— 25.) [E. E.l

O^BRUiUS. [OfiUHua.]

OOIBRIUS COtiSp*os\ L e. the min-giTer, a naane of Zena, nnder which he had an altar on Uamm ajnettoM iu Attica. (Paoa. i 32. fi 3 ; Hm. 0^ « /)l 587, 620.) [U &]

OlIPHALE CQiu^iUii), a danghter of Lvdian king Jacdanm, and wife of Tmoloa, after whow death ahe ondertook tbegoTeniment hertelt When Henclea, in consequence of the murder of Iphhoa, wms ill of a aerioiu diaeaae, and received the ande that he could not be released unleia he acrrcd aona me for wagea for tfaa apaea of three jeui, Hemet, accordingly, lold Hendei to On- pfcale,faj whom he became the &ther itf wveral ctuUtes. ( Aponod.L 9. S19,iL6.§ 3,7.18 ;Soph. TrmeL 25S ; Dionya. i. 28 ; Laciu, J>iaL Deor. zin. 2 ; tmf. Haa^cLBi.) [L. S.]

OUPHA'LION f Ot'^wi'), paiatei, waa on- finally tha riave. ara afterwardi the diaciple, of Ni«B, tha MD cf NieomedeaL He painted the wtSt at the temple of Meaaene with figorrii of per- anegea edabtated in the mythological legenda of Slmenia. (Pana. ir. 31. $ ». a. 11, 12.) [P. &]

ONAISTUUS ('Oroifot), a statuary of un- known time and conntiy, who, with hia biother Thybcaa and their aoni, made tlie atatne of Zeua, vUA the Jb^ananadadieatadatOlynt^ (Paus. T. 23. §4. a. 5.) [P. S.]

ONASIAS. rONiT^a.]

ONASIMS'DES COravvofSqt), a statnaiy. who BMla a stiiiie of IKoDyaoi^ of nlid tanuo^ which PiBMiH mw at Tbebefc (Fuia. ix. 12. { 3.

tP.S.]

ONA'SXMUS ('(Wi^), son of Apsines, was aa histanm, or cather a aophist, of Cyprua or Sparta, in the lion of the anperar Conataotine the Great. Ha wnta many work*, ■ome of which, kariag «■ an of riieloric, are cnamemted by SoidM. (Said. & aa. *A^0^, 'CMiotfios.) [ E. E.)

(yXASUS ('Owos), the author of a work aa tba ^— f— , entitled 'hfM^oint ae 'A/iafoyuro, whi^ waa aappoaed by Heyne (ad AjKiUod. ii. 5. 1 9) and othcn to have been an epic poem ; but it has bem ofaaerved by Wdeket (A>ucAa Ct/dm, p. SaV] aid Qrete {UM. tfOnm, Tid. L p. 288), that we may lObr fron the latkmaliaing tendeucy of the ciiatiia fna it (Sdi<^ ad Tkaoer. xiii. 46; Sehol. ad AfUlm. Bkod. L 1207, 1236). that it waa in [soae.

ONATAS ('Orch-af) of At^na, the >on of ItkcOtWaa a dudngniahed •tatoary and punter, emeaBpocaty with Polygnotua, Ageladas, and Uifiaa. Fnm tbe various noticee of him it may be coBaeled that he flourished down to about 01 30, a. a 460, that ia, in the age immediately pre- ceding that of Phidiaa. It is uncertain whether his father Micon was the great painter of that

The woika of Onatas are ficqaently described fay Pwaias. who ia, however, the only ancient writer rto Bentiona him, with the exception of a single ^ipa in tbe Oieek anlbology. I^uiauiMa aUo says tkat|tbeag}i he called himself an Aagioataa on

ONATAS. 37

hia worits, be was inferior to none of the artiats (ram Daedalus Bud the Attic school (r.25. § 7. h 13 : Hp U 'Ovdrw Toorof SfMoi, xol rixv^t it rd dTtU/iora fyra Mytntas, oiSfit ivrtpor ^ao(iw rur dwi AaiiiXov T« mu fyyaarvptov too 'Attikov). Pau- saniaa mentions the fallowing works of Onatas

I. A bronie statue of Heracles, on a bronee base, dedicated at Olympia by the Thasians. The statue was teu cabits high: in the right haad wMadiilih is tbe left a bow: and it bore the Mknring im- sgription (Vm. Lc): —

Airii iv Alylt^ Mfiara yoicrdsw.

5. An Apollo at Pergamus, equally admired tot its size and its art (viii. 42. § 4. a. 7). Tbia statue was in all probability different Arom that of Apollo Boupais, attended by Eileithjia, on which we have an epigram by Antipater. {AmA. i*<*L ix. 238 i Branch, Awd. vol. ii. p. 14.)

3l a Hennea, earrying a nun under hu wng; wearing a bdmet on hu head, and dad in a chiton and chlamys. It waa dedicated at Olympia by the people of Pkenena in Anadia ; and the inscription stated that it was made by Onatas the Aeginetan, in conjunction with Calliteles, whom Pausaaias takes for a aoa or diadple of Onatas (t. 27. f 3. i. 8).

4. A bronie statue of dw Black Denwiar whh the horse's head, whose legend is related by Pau-' aantaa (viii. 42). Tbe scat of the legend was a cave in Mount Elaens, near Phigaleia, which tba Phigaleians had consecrated to the goddess, and bad dedicated in it a wooden image, like a wotsan^ except that it had the head and maoa of a boraa, and figurea of dragons and other wild baaato wan growing ont about- the head : it waa clothed in a tunic down to the feet ; and bore on the right band a dolphin, and on the left a dove. Thia wooden imago having been burnt at some nn>- known ptoiod, it waa not only not replaced, bat the worship of the goddess was neglet-ted ; until the Phigaleians, warned by tbe Mure of their crops, and instructed by a Pythian oracle, em- ployed Onatas to make a bronze statue of the goddeeat in the execution of which he vtm aa> sisted somewhat by a uctota or a wooden copy of the old imi^e, bitt atul nor* by dreaaw. (I^tua. I c) Tbii story ia mo of serval indieatima of the thoiDogfaly archaic i^le of the worite of Onatas.

Passing from the statwi cf gods to tboaa of

men and heroes, we have

6. The brauo slatnea of tba Qnoian hatoea casting lota to determine which of thorn should accept the challenge of Hector, (Hon, IL vii. 173 — 184.) The group waa dedicated at Olympia by the Achaeana in common. It conusted ori- ginally of ten figures ; but when Peusaniaa saw it, there were only nine, the statue of Ulysses having been carried to Borne by M«o. The dUafbiai^ anaed with speat* and shields, atood togoUier near the great temple, and opposite to them, on a sepa- rate baae, atood Nestor, holding tbe helmet into which the lota bad been thrown. The name of Agamemnon was inseribed on hia statue, in letters from right to left The other statoea bon no names ; but one, distinguished by a cock npon Uw shield, waa taken by Pausanias for Idomeneoi | and on the inside of the shield of thia staUw WM the faUowiog inac^don :~

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M

oNcua:

"ttriw^ ti Alr% fUma nuSa MIjcm'.

Tb«ra k 00 wiU)orit7 fiw Mcribiog to Onatu mora thu tbii OM iMtRe in the group. (Puu t. 25. § fi. ■. B— 10.)

6. Th« bnuM chariot, irith a figure of a man in H, whicb waa dadicat«d at Olyrapia by Deino- manea, the aon of HieroD, in memorj of his bther ■ Tictoriei, On each (ide of the chariot were riding hmea, vith figmrw of bove upon them ; thete wen made by Oalami^ (Vwom. ti. \% § 1, viii. 43. S 4. a. 8,) Thia wait u one anthority for the dat« of OnatM, nnce Hieron died b. c 4S7.

7' A ^(loap dedicated at Delphi by the Taren- tines, being the tithe of the booty taken by diem in a war with the Penoe^i. - The statue*, which wen tha woilt of Ooatas and Calynthna (but the fUMga k hen comiptXnpRiaated bona and foot •oldien intermixed ; Opis, the kin|; of tha Ispj- pua, and the ally of the Peucedans. was seen pmtrate, ai \i slain in the battle, and standing OTer him wen the hen Tans and tlie Lacedaemo- nian Phalaothus, near whom waa a dolphin. (Pani. z. IS. I £. a. 10.)

OnatM was a painter, aa well aa a atatnaiy ; bat only ona of Us worics is mantioned : this one, howoTor, forms another snthority for hii date, and prom the estimation in whieh he was held ; for he was employed in conjonction with Polygnotus to decorate the temple in which this picture waa painted. The temple was that of Athena Areia at Plataeae, and the picture, which was painted on one of the walls of the portico (proaaot), represented the expedition of the Argire chieftain* against Thebes ; Euryganeia, the mother of Eteodes and Poljneioa* (according to the tradition which PatVf lanias followed), was intndnced into the pkture, lamenting the matual fiatricido of her sons. (Pan*. iz.4. Il.a.3,5. 8 5. a. 11): it should be ob- serred, how»Ter, that in the second passage the HSS. hava 'OKurlai, which Sylburg correct^l into *OM{nir. rni the authority of the first passage ; see also MaUer, ^t^MsAw, p, 107 : bat Beldcer and Dindorf^ on the eontnry, correct the former pas- sage by the latter, and rtad *Omfffar in both.)

The scattered infeimation of Pausanias reipect- ing Onatas has been critically gathered up by Miiller and Thiersch. Rathgeber has managed to extend the subject over tkirijf eolunau of Ench and Graber'* Sk^opadM. [P. S.]

ONATAS, a Pythagorean philoaopher of Cnton, fiom whose work, Tlipi btaO aol Swon, swue ex- tracts an presarved by Stohaens, (£eL Fi^ i. 38, p. 92, &.c^ ed. Heenn.)

ONCA COT««)t a surname of Athena, which ahe derired from the town of Oneae in Boeotia, where she had a sanctuary. (AesehyL SepL 166, 489 t ^ns. is. le. 1 3 { Sdiol. ad Sur^ Pkan. 1083.) IL. &]

ONCAETTS ('OrKatfir), a surname of Apollo, derived from Oneeium on the riTer I>adon in Ar- cadia, where he had a temple. (Paus. viiL 25. § 5, &c) [L. S.]

0NCHESTU8 {^Oyxvris\ a son of Poseidon, ■nd founder of the town of Oitehestus, where the ChidieBtkn Poseidon had a temple and a staUte. (Pan*, ix. 26. 8 3 t Steph. Bra. t.v,t Horn. //. iL 506.) Another tiiiditioB called this OncheiCu* a ton of Boeotni. [L. S.]

ONCUS ( Ormt), s BOB of AybDa^ and fouiidar

ONESlCRinraL

of Oncdmn b AicadtL Demrler, after bAif mf^

tamorphosed into a horse, mixed among bis he«d«, and gave him the horse Anon, of which was the mother by Poseidon. (PauiL riii. 25. % 4, Ac; Gomp. Steph. Byt. «. o.) [L^ S*]

ONEIROS ("On^Mr), a peraniifiauion of dream, and in Uie plural dreams. Accordiug to Homer Dreams dwell on the daik shores of the western Ooeaiins {Od. xxir. 12 ). and the deceitful dream* come throui[h an ivory gate, while the tine ones issue frtmi a gate made of horn, {Od. xix. 562, die.} Hesiod (TKmy; 212) call* dnsmo tha children of night, and Ovid (A/aL xi. 6S3), who calls them children of Sleep, mention* three of them by name, vii. Morjpheua, Iceln* or Phobetor, and Phaniasas. Eorimdes called tbem sons of Osea, and comeivad tkem as genii with black wings. [L. S.J

ONE'SAS ('Oirqffat), a gem engraver, whoae nanw wean on abcantifnl intaglio, representing a young Hercules, crowned with laurel, and on another gem, representing a girt playing the eithara, both in xiie Flnreniine collection. (Stoach. P'urrt$ Oraviat, No. 46 ; Bnrci, lav. 89.) [P. S.)

ONESI'CRITUS {'O^naUcprm), aGnek his- torical writer, wbo accompaued Alexander on hia campaigns in Ana, and wrote • history of tbem, which i* frequently cited by later anihors. He ia called by some authorities a native of Astj'palaea, by othert of A^na (Diog. LaerL vL 75, 84 ; Arr. Ud. 18 ; Aeliaii, H.N. xvi. 39): it was profaably- to this i^asd origin that he was indebted for the skill in nautical laatten whioh afierwards prawd *r> advantageous to him. Ha most have been nl- ready advanced in years, as we are told that ha had two ion* grown up to manhood, when bis at- tention wa* accidentally attracted to the philosoplij of Diogenes the Cynic, of which he became an ar- dent votary, *o a* to have obtained a name of emi- nence among the dieciple* of that masiab (IMog. LaerL L cj Pint 65.) We have no aeeount of the circuniatHHce* which led him to accompany Alexiinder into Asia, nor does it iqipear in what capacity he attended on the conqnaror ; bat daring the expedition into India ha waa sent by tha king to h(dd a conference with the Indian jwilosophen or Gymnosophists, the details of which have been tnuiimitted to us from his own account of the in- terview. (Strab. XV. p. 715 i PluL AUr. 65.) When Alexander constructed bis fleet on the Hy- daipes, he appointed Onesicritns to the inponant station of pilot of the king's ship, or chief pilot uf the fleet (dpx<Kuf*/iittTtrt}, a post which be held not only during tiie descent of the Indus, but thronghout the long and perilous voyage from tha mouth of that river to the Penian gul£ In this capacity be discharged hia duties so much to the satisfoction of Alexander that, on his arrival at Snaa, he waa nwarded by that monarch with a crown of gdd, at the same time as Neardius. (Arr. Anab. vL 2. § 6, viL 5. 8 9, fnd. 18 | Curt. ix. 10. § 3, X. 1. g 10 t Plut. Ale*. 66. de ForL Alt*, p. 331, &) Yet Arrion blames him for want of judg- ment, and on one occasion expresiJy ascribes the safety of the fleet to the fiminess of Nearehua iu oTeirnlii^ bis advieck (^iBa& rii. 20, Imd. S3.) We know nothing of bis subsequent fertonea ; but from an anecdote related by Plutarch it seem* pro- bable that he attached him*eir to Lysimachus, and it wo* perhajis at the court of that inonnnh that ha composed hia hiatofieal work (I'luu AIm* 46),

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ONESILUS. tkn^, on ik otber hud, a poMU* of Luetio

[QmmcJo Uit. oomtcr. c 40), might lad ni to in- fcf iktt tbii WIS at leait commeDeed during tho lifetime oT AlexudT hinuetC

We \em (rom EKogrnes Laerdnt (vi. 84) that tibt hato(7 of Oofwritiu comprised thtt whoM life 4 Aiennder, indndins his youth and edacation

dml in regiid to the camtMugns of that prioee in km, «r to tb« gMgntphicu description of the MUiica that he virited. Though an sje-witneH Aat ha doMribad, it nous that he intar- ■iud MOT ftMita and Uaenoods with bis nar- tiQTe. ID dwt he early fdl iuto discredit as an ndvi^. Stnbo is espeeiallj seTere ap(Hi him, snd taDs him ** OAc 'AA«((bif(i» fi£AAoy 1i rSv esfsMfM ifjp^^f^^t.'" (zv. p. 698, comp. a. p. 79.) PlatsFcfa cites him as one of those who Mutd the ftUa of die Tint of the Amaaons to Alenndn; itf wbidi he was justij- ridiculed by Lncmehas {Abm. 46), and Arrian accQsei him d Uwiy rajneaenting himself aa the commander «f Ihr leet, when he was in truth only the pilot (JsaL TL 2. g 6 ; comp. Snid. «. e- ^iofx^*)- Aniu Gsffiiis (iz. 4) even associates him with Aiaasa ef ProconneaBS, and other pnrely hboloos niien. Bat it U dear that theea oensoRt are •mriaufted ; and though s«ne of the statements oKd from him are certainly gross exaggentions {(M fi>f instance Stntti. xt. p. 698 ; Aelian. H. N. xn. 39, xTiL 6), his woih appean to have om- luxd nnch ralaable information conceniing the KBsie eoontnea for the first time laid open by the optdiiian sf Alexander. Iti particuliir he was firK maCntx that mentioned the island of Ta- jnAsue. (Soabi xt. p. 691 : Plin. H. N. vi. 24.) tic ii laid to bare imitated Xenopbon In his atjlr, iW«;k be fell short of him as a copy does of the onginsL (DiDg. LAerL vL 84 ; Suid. s. v. 'Ot^firpt- m.) Soiie anthors have held that besides this pTDend history, OnesScritus bad composed a sepa- nu Panjim, or samrite of the Toyage, in which iw baie x> prominent a part : but Oeier has shown tbst ihcAs is no foundatim for snch ■ snppoulion : M>i it «au ««ain Uiat Plby, whose words ■D^ leal la mdk an infinenee (//. JV. ti. 2S (36) ), had in fact med only an extract from the of Ooenerito, abridged or translated by Jata. StiU leu reason is there to infer (with Uaer in Ench and QrobeT, Encyd, sect. iii. pt. iii. ^ ih'i) that he wrote a history of the early kintji of Pccna, becsaie we find him cited by Lncian {Hatnk 14) eonoeming the age of Cyrus.

{AD the (acts known concerning Ouesicritus are (■Hf diwBned, and the pauages quoted from his writings by Taiieos aothon collected ti^ther Omr, Atmmiri HUtonar. Seriptore*, lib. iii. ^'4— 108L SaeahwVosnns,(ie//utor(ouGru«cut, ^94,<d Wssterswu i &teCtidz,£SttMMs6V<Vi7i(e, ^3S.ltc;aadMeier,/.A) [&. H. B.]

ONE'SILUS COnffftAM), of S&lamisin Cyprus, the HO of Chetsis grandstra of Siromns, and great- gnaiMD nf Erclihon. He had fiwquently uiged bniiber Oocgns, who was king of Salnmis in Crpntitadcaert bain the Persians ; but as he was ■uUt Is penoida Um to do so, he finally drove U« &m the ei^^and set up the standard of revolt villi the loniua, in & a 499. Goigus fied to the Panu ; Onesilas becane king of Salainis. and TcoM all tho other eiUes iu Cypma, with the *'"fdMsf Anaihub lo nsnounce ttuat allegiuice

0MOUACRITU& SD

to the Puduia. Therenpod Onedliu bud liege ta Amathus ; and as Dareius sent a large force to its relief under the command of Artybiue, Onenlua begged aid of the lonians. They readily complied with his request t and tn the fioUowing year, & e, 498, two battles were fouf^t between the oont«nd- ing partiesi one by sea, in which the lonhns de- feated the Phoenidan fleet, and the other by land« in which the Cyprians were beaten by the Persiani. Onesilua fell in the battle ; his head was cut off by the inhabitants of Amathus, and bung ofer tfa«r dty'^tes. At a later period, hdwcTef, lu onela coBUututded them to take down his head ud bv^ it, and also to offer sacrifices to him as a hen, (Herod. V. 104, 108—110.) [Go no us. No. 2.]

ONE'SIMUg,tbe son of Python, a Macedonian noble, who passed over to the RomaiiB, whea Perseus resolved to dedare war i^ainst the Utter, Bto. 169, and received in eonse^neoeemag^ilfloent rewards from the senate. (Liv. xliv. 18.)

ONBSTES,orONESTUS(*0»'Amir,'0*«rroi) The Greek Anthology contains ten epigrams. In- scribed 'OvioTou in the Vatican MS ; but, as the heading of the sixth and seventh is 'OWffTou Koptp^ 0/ov, and that of the ninth 'Oi4orov Buf'ai^/w, it woald seem that then were two poets of the bum j but conceniing neither of them uve we any fhrther information. Bmni-k eVen suspetted the correct- ness of the name altogether ; and thotight it might be a mistalce for 'Oi^trtat, but this sup(fosition is founded on no evidence. Wine, lova, dnd mnsio are the subjects of the epigrams, which are dis- tingnished by no perticuhir beauty, f Bnmtik, WwoJl vol ii. pL 289 ; Jacobs, AtUh. Orate. Tol. IS. p. 3, voL xiii. p. 926 ; Fabric Ji^ Oraec vol. iv. p. 485.) [P. S.]

ONE^OR ('Onfrsfi), th6 name of two mythic^ peraonagei^ one a prhfst of Zeus on Mount Ida (Horn. JL xvi. 605), and Uie other the father of Phrontii, the steersman of Heoehuu. (PauiL x. 25. §2.) tUS.1

ONOMACLES {'OraiuticKfis), on Athenian, was joined with Phrynichus and Scironides, b. c 412, in the command of an Athenian and Argivo fine, which, after a battle with the Milesians who were supported by Chalcideus and Tissapliemeh, prepared to besiege Miletus, hot on the arrival of a Peloponnesian and Sicilum fleet, sailed away to Samoa, by ihe advice of Phrj-nichus. Shortly after, in the same year, when die Athenious at ^Nunos had been reinforced, Ononiades was sent with part of the atuament, and with Strombichides and Kuctemon for his colleagnes, to act against Chios (Thnc viH. 25—27, 30. 33. 34, 38, 40, 55, 61). It was probably the wune Onomades whv was afterwards one of the thirty tyrauts, in B. c 404 (Xou. fiti/. ilS. % 2). We find mention made also of another Onomades, who, tc^ether with ArcheptoIemOB, was ioToIved in the eondenuiatiou of Antiphon ( Anon. VA Tine.). A Spartan of the same name is recorded by Xenophon (He/L ii. 3. g 10) as ephor hrtithifxos, in the eighth year a| the Peloponnesian war. [E. E.J

ONOMA'CRITL'S {'Otvudxpiros), an Athe- nian, who occupies an lutemiting pofitlon in tha history of the eariy Greek religious poetcr. He* rodotns calls him xp*Ii^^k*A^7o*' f* *<<1 SwMrw Xptfffu'y "rSn Kovaaiov, and informs as that he iiad enjoyed the patronage of Hipparchns, until he Was detected by Lasus of Merutiuiie ithe dithy ounbk pMt} m tnakiag au laterpohitittit in U

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80 0N0MACRITU8.

ONOMARGHU&

oracle of Mniaeua, for which Hippuchna buniilied Mm, He Menu to have gone into Penia, when tba P«i«itntidi« after their expulsion from Athens, took him wain into &Tour, and employed him to panoade unea to enga^ in hit ezpeditioa againit OiMca, by reciting to him all the ancient omclei which aeMiied to fiivonr the attempt, and auppre«»- ing thow of a contrarr tendency. (Herod. viL 6.) It haa been amply proTed by Lobeck (Aglaopk p. 383) and Nitawrh {Biit. Horn. f. 163), that tht word* of HerodotDi, quoted above, mean that Ono- maeritna was an utterer of ancient oiadei, how- onr pnaerred, and that he had nude a collection and arran^ment of the oraclei aacribed to Muneua And thia u quite in keeping with tbe literary cha- laoter of the age of the Peiaiatmtidae, and with other tnditlont reqieotingOnomaeritua himielf, aa, for exam^, that M made iDterpolationa in Homer aa well at In Mutaens (Sebal. m Hon. Od. xi. 604*), and that he waa the real author of aome of the poems which Went under the name of Orpheus. The account of Herodotus fixes the date of Ono- macritua to about & c. 520~485, and shows the error of those ancient writers who placed him as eariy as the fiftieth Olympiad, & c. 580. (Clem. Alex. Strom, i. p. 143, Sylb. ; Tatian. adv. Graeo. 62, p. 38, Worth.) The account of Herodotus, respecting the fot^geriea of Onomacritus,ii confirmed by Pansaniaa, wm speaks of certain verses (s nt), which were aaoribed to Mnsaena, bnt which, in his opnion, were composed by Onomacritus, for that there was nothing which could be ascribed with certainty to Musaeus, except the hymn to Demeter which he composed for the Lycomidae. ( Paus. i, 32. g 7 ; comp. iv. 1. §6.) In three other mgaa Pauianiaa dtes tbe pooaa of ORoniaentua TBit <hrf ffi), bnt withont any intimation that they were or pretended to be any others than his own (viii. 31. § S, 37. § 4. s. 5, ix. 35. § 1. a. 5). That Pausanias does not refer in these last pas- sages to poems which'went under tbe names irf the old mythohigieal buds, but were in reality com- poaad by Onomacritus, is rendered probable by the manner in which he generally refers to such sup- posititioas works, aa in the passage first quotnd (i. 22. § 7 i comp.i. 14. §3, t\ 84 Mowrafou koI rwttty and i. 37. § 4, rdaaAwtMo^'Op^^J : and, moreover, in two of the three passages he quotes Onomacritus is comparison with Homer and He- •lod. But if^ for these reasons, the poems so quoted must be regarded as having been ascribed to Onnmacritus in the time of Pausanias, it does not follow that they were, in any proper tense, the original compoutions of Onomacritus { hut it nther seems probable that they were lemuanta of ancient hymns, the authors of which were unknown, and that the hibours of Onomacritus constated uroply in editing them, no doubt with interpolationa m. his own.

The taat of the three passages quoted from Pau- nniaa gives rise to a curious question. Pauunias quotes Heaiod as saying that the Gracea were the daaghten of Zeus and Eurynome, and that their names were Euphrosyne and A^aia and ThtJia, and then adds that the some account is given in the poems of Onomacritus. Now we find in the

* For an elaborate discussion of the relanon of Onomacritus to the literary history of the H<>meric poems, see Nitssch, Erkldremia Anmeria»j/m in Httme^t Of^Mor, vd. ill pp. 336, &c

iifly-ninth Orphic Hymn tbo Oiacea addweJ

thus : —

%vyorr4ptt Znvit rs mil l-imfdnt $a0viciXiiotif 'A^AoA] re, OdXfio, ital E^^potf^vil voXJoAffc

Some writers have hastily taken this as a proof that the true author of the still extant Orphie hymns was Onomacritus, or else, as others more cautiously put it, that Onomacritua waa one of tba authors